Micromax †The Indian consumer electronics MNC

Micromax is a rather big name today – in fact, it is the largest Indian mobile phone company. It is interesting to note that it took birth as a software company called Micromax Informatics Limited in the year 2000 by a group of four friends. – Rajesh Agarwal, Sumeet Arora, Rahul Sharma and Vikas Jain. In 2008, Micromax entered the mobile phone market and just about managed to get a foot hold, with a 0. 59% market share during the first half year of its existence. By the end of March 2010, its share was 6. 24%. Now it has 23 domestic offices across the country and international offices in Hong Kong, USA and Dubai. Presently, the company has about 1400 employees. It is one of the leading mobile phone manufacturer in India as well as in the world . According to industry analysts, as of 2012, Micromax leads the Indian tablet market with a share of 18. 4%, ahead of Samsung and Apple, and is the third largest mobile phone vendor in terms of volume. Also it is the 12th largest handset manufacturer in the world, according to global handset vendor market share report from strategy analytics. SWOT Analysis Strengths: Innovative products and features- Marathon battery mobile phones with a 30-day battery life, phone which is programmable as a universal remote control, gravity phones are some of the features which have increased the popularity of the product. Low cost of production – With its plants located in China, Micromax bears a low cost in production due to availability of labour at cheaper rates. Effective promotion campaigns- Micromax has been promoting its products through famous celebrities and has also had tie ups with MTV. Weaknesses: Weak brand image in urban areas- Micromax has still not been able to establish itself well in the urban market as its main concentration had been on the rural population. Perception of low-quality Chinese brand- Micromax has a manufacturing unit set up in china which has strengthened this perception among people. Opportunities: Increase penetration in urban market- Since Micromax has not yet entered this market; it has a very huge opportunity to establish itself in this market. Entry into international markets- Micromax has the potential to make its presence felt on global scale eventually as it establishes itself in the domestic market. Threats: Increasing competition from local and international players- With well-established players like Nokia, Samsung, etc. Micromax faces a tough competition from these players. Replication of business model by competitors- Micromax`s business model has been replicated by many new players which again pose a threat to Micromax. IPO offerings On July 28, 2011, Micromax withdrew its 4. 66 billion rupees (about $106 million) initial public offering (IPO) due to volatile market conditions. The withdrawal was recommended by its board in order to allow the company to focus on new product launches and product development. Micromax Informatics Limited has announced its foray into Maldivian telecom space through an exclusive partnership with Sense Wood Maldives (Pvt) Ltd. Objectives Objectives Present objectives: 1. Focus on urban market at large: On capturing major share of urban youth market, for next two years Micromax needs to focus on urban market at large like seiner citizens, physically handicapped etc. 2. Focus on smart phones as well as tablets: Micromax needs to continue focus on smart phones and launch more products and also it needs to focus on tablet market. For 2014: 1. To start new plant and reach market share of 20%: To increase market share, it is essential to increase production capacity. Micromax has plans to start a new plant in Tamil Nadu. With the help of this new plant, it will be able to reach a market share of 20%. 2. Focus on international markets: On making strong focus on rural market and urban market in India, Micromax needs to expand to international markets and enter into neighbouring Indian countries, south African countries etc. So we see that Micromax has established its place as a market leader in phones and tablets, not only in India but internationally as well.

Leadership Principles for Effective Change

â€Å"Change only happens when each person makes a decision to implement the change.† It is very easy to talk about dreams and talk about plans. But without the commitment to follow through and implement what needs to be done, such talk is merely wishful thinking. Every person involved in the process should implement change because everyone involved should do his part. Otherwise, the change will be incomplete. In order to manage change, the tasks that each person needs to do should be written down for implementation and monitoring. This may seem difficult and out of culture but it can do a lot in making people accountable and willing to implement the changes discussed by the organization. â€Å"A clearly defined vision of the end result enables all the people to define the most efficient path for accomplishing the results.† A vision is a powerful thing. It helps refine and enhance the direction of the organization. When a vision is clearly stated and understood by the members of the organization, they can formulate their strategies and align their activities toward the vision of the organization. Out of the vision, the strategies of the organization can be formulated. Some strategies, however, may appear not to support the end result as stated in the vision. To ensure that the strategies are aligned with the vision, an organization needs to promote its vision and its mission to its employees and to its management team. During the sessions of strategic planning, the vision should be inculcated into the minds and practices of the organization so that the strategies formulated support the fulfillment of the vision. With a clearly defined vision, the people know what they are working for. When they know what they are working for, they can search for the best approach there is. Select the two principles you believe are the most important to follow when managing change and describe why you feel these are essential. Describe some specific techniques that can be used to manage change in an organization. Explain how these techniques are consistent with the principles you selected. 1.Thought processes and relationship dynamics are fundamental if change is to be successful. 2.Change only happens when each person makes a decision to implement the change. 3.People fear change it â€Å"happens† to them. 4.Given the freedom to do so, people will build quality into their work as a matter of personal pride. 5.Traditional organizational systems treat people like children and expect them to act like adults. 6.†Truth† is more important during periods of change and uncertainty than â€Å"good news.† 7.Trust is earned by those who demonstrate consistent behavior and clearly defined values. 8.People who work are capable of doing much more than they are doing. 9.The intrinsic rewards of a project are often more important than the material rewards and recognition. 10. A clearly defined vision of the end result enables all the people to define the most efficient path for accomplishing the results. 11. The more input people have into defining the changes that will affect their work, the more they will take ownership for the results. 12. To change the individual, change the system.   

Italian versus American Christmas Essay

Merry Christmas or Buon Natale! Let us all celebrate the birth of Christ. It is that time of year when family and friends come together to rejoice for the savior is born. It is when we the love is most felt between family and friends and even strangers. The voices of carolers add to the festivities of the season (Miles 359). The Christmas tradition takes its roots from Christianity. This is also the reason behind the non-celebration of Christmas in some countries, especially those which are non-Christian. Nevertheless, there are places like the United States and Italy where Christmas traditions are observed for the purpose of celebration, which transcends religious customs (Miles 359). As traditions dictate, Italians take turns drawing out a wrapped gift from an ornamental bowl which is called the urn of fate (Miles 359). As most Americans are Christians, holidays are encouraged during this time of year. This includes the tremendous amount of gift – giving and shopping (Barnett 144). Italians decorate their homes during Christmas time with a ceppo (tree of light) or l’albero di natale, their version of the traditional Christmas tree (Miles 359). It is a wooden frame shaped like a pyramid. Resembling a ladder it is formed by several layers of wooden shelves as support. The presepe is placed at the bottom of the ceppo. Candies, fruits and other presents occupy the upper shelves. The ceppo is adorned with miniature pennants, gilt pine cones and colored paper. Candles are placed on it and further topped by either a doll or a star to complete the look. The origin of the manger scene was in Italy. This is the reason why it has been an important part of the Italian Christmas tradition. Italian homes decorate their presepe or nativity scene as elaborately as they can afford it. Americans, on the other part of the globe adorn their homes with wreaths, mistletoes and Christmas trees too. The streets of New Mexico are lined with luminaires or candles in a bag full of sand during Christmas time. Houses with flat roof are also adorned with these. These serve to light the way for the newborn child. In Washington D. C., the first national living Christmas tree was planted way back in the year 1924. From then on, it has been the tradition of the President of the United States to turn on the ceremonial lights at Christmas. Going around with a star is characteristic of an Alaskan Christmas. A large star made out of bright colored paper is carried by boys and girls as they go door to door on Christmas day. They even bring lanterns on poles with them as they sing carols. Hospitable neighbors let them in for refreshments as young and old gather in observance of this joyful occasion at this time of the year (Barnett 144). If the Italians have their Babbo Natale, Americans know him to be Santa Claus. He is known in the United States as the fat man on red robe and black boots, riding on his sleigh. He slides down the chimney to leave his presents to the nice kids at Christmas time. Gift giving in Italy happens on the la festa dell’ Epifania or the Epiphany which falls on the 6th of January. Babbo Natale makes his rounds on la vigilia di natale or Christmas Eve. In other parts of the region, he is known as La Befana, an Italian folk character. The gift – giver of Christmas gifts in other areas is believed to be St. Lucia. On other places, he is known to be Gesu’ Bambino or the Child Jesus (Miles 359 – 360). The United States is a cultural melting pot indeed. In this part of the world, different customs and traditions blend in harmony. It is during Christmas time when this cultural diversity is very much evident. Nevertheless, the combination of different cultures eventually produced a distinctly American taste although traces of diverse roots of these traditions are somehow still evident. The most common among these influences are British in origin. The Americans find a way to make Santa Claus feel at home. This is the reason why they created homes for him across the country. In one of the villages at Torrington, Connecticut, one can find a real life Santa, along with his elves. At Whiteface Mountain in Wilmington, New York a permanent home for Santa Claus was designed by Arto Monaco. This house replaced the reindeer for a blacksmith. It even has a post office and a chapel in its overall design. Every year, about 100,000 people visits the Monaco designed Santa home (Barnett 144). Italian kids are not out reciting poems around the neighborhood, they lovingly write letters to their parents during Christmas while American kids list the things they would love to receive as presents from Santa Claus (Miles 359; Barnett 144). The holiday season does not start and end on the 25th of December as far as the Italian calendar is concerned. The Italians practice certain customs and traditions to mark this season. On la vigilia di natale or Christmas Eve, an elaborate meal called the pronzo delta vigilia is served. Here seafood soup or stew, fish, cannoli (Italian pastry) and other treats are served but no meat included. When il natale (Christmas) falls, the whole family feast with panettone or the Christmas cake together with other meals (Miles 359). Potatoes, meat, onions and beans are boiled over campfires for a Christmas feast at New Mexico. To cup the meal, buns, breads and donuts are served with coffee. Polish Americans have their own unique holiday tradition. On the morning of Christmas Eve, no meat is served. However, when the first star appears over Wigiliais, meat can already be served for dinner. The main features of the meal are sweet meats made from poppy seeds and honey, various fish, mushroom, cabbage and beetroot soup. The head of the house gives out an oplatek which is an oblong wafer. The nativity scene is imprinted on this oplatek. A piece of the oplatek is broken off as each family member including their friends who are present exchange wishes for one another. As tradition dictates, there is a place set especially for Mary and his son in case they come in search for a place to stay for the night. Hay is spread on the floor and under the tablecloth reminiscent of the manger where Christ the savior was born (Barnett 144). Carolers singing Christmas hymns provide entertainment in America. As compared to their fellow Americans, Hungarian Americans place a high premium on church services and carols during Christmas Eve. On this day, they gather around the Christmas tree as they do their gift giving when the first star of the evening appears. Right after the gift giving seasonal foods are served. The rest of the family feasts on poppy seed, walnuts, biscuits, topped with aniseed, caraway or sesame seeds and dumplings. The Italian version of this is the Zampognari and Pifferai. Flute players and bagpipers from the Abruzzi Mountains of Rome are dressed in sheepskin vests, dark cloaks, white stockings and knee – high breeches. They travel all the way to religious shrines to entertain the crowd (Barnett 144). We may not speak one language, we may not share one religion, we may not observe the same ritual but December 25 means the same thing for all of us. It is the day when the savior was born. It is the day when the promise of salvation was made flesh. On that night at a manger in Bethlehem, Jesus came to the world. In all humility, he lived his life on earth. In this light, let us remember that while there is nothing wrong with extravagant celebrations during Christmas, there is a much deeper meaning behind all these trappings. There is more to the food served and the gifts given and received. It is the birth of Christ, and this is the perfect reason to celebrate. In all certainty, wherever in the world you are in at Christmas time, whichever way you celebrate it, one truth remains the same, it is the most wonderful time of the year (Maloney NP). Works Cited Barnett, James Harwood. The American Christmas: A Study in National Culture. New Hampshire: Ayer Publishing, 1976. â€Å"Christmas in United States. † 2008. TheHolidaySpot. com. Retrieved February 21, 2008, from http://www.theholidayspot.com/

Fashion Media and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Fashion Media and Communication - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Media and Communication" explores the media and communication in fashion. Essentially, for my investigation, I’ve decided to focus on the dazed vision described as the â€Å"in house video arms†. Notably, dazed vision came to being in December 2012. Most notably, the Vise Media; a globally recognized digital media; acquired the British style bible i-D. It is worth noting that this move took the online world by storm and established a new experience in the digital communication through video-driven experiences. Apparently, this innovation was brought about to counter the changes experienced in the young fashion industry. In addition to that, the fashion industry has been crowded with more than enough outdated media used in communicating with the consumers. Notably, the new launches thus demonstrate how the media landscape is radically reshaped each day by the dynamics of the internet. Furthermore, these dynamics have modified the content and how it is being advertised to the targeted consumers.It is important to note that the industry, especially the fashion industry, have to change their ways of staying competitive in the market. On the same point, this competition has therefore brought about innovation in a manner that the most innovative company attracts both the investors and the large base of customers. On the contrary, there are several important factors that can be used to give a detailed definition of the dazed vision, namely. Statistical evidence shows that by the year 2017.

India as an Emerging Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

India as an Emerging Market - Essay Example This essay provides a comprehensive economic analysis of economic position of Indian economy in the world, with evaluation of economic outlook for the economy, based on the results of the research. An emerging market economy can be defined as that market economy which is growing from a small economy towards the level of advanced world economies. All middle and low income countries were previously considered to be emerging on the basis of per capita income; where in low capita income levels indicated poor exports while high per capita income levels reflect strong exports. However, this notion has since changed with time, mainly because emerging markets are not as poor performers. This is because currently emerging markets are said to be the driving force of world economy; it is approximated that 80% of the world economic growth has been as a contribution of emerging markets Emerging markets have become the owners of the majority of the world’s natural resources (minerals, oil); they have also contributed greatly to the rising share of global trade and investment. Ultimately, the companies found in these markets have become leaders globally in almost all sectors (technology, food and beverages). India is so far one of the most compelling targets for investment; it was ranked eleventh in terms of GDP in 2010. GDP being the economic measure of a market reflects that India is doing well as an emerging market.. This growth has been actualized by rising income levels, infrastructure development and a business friendly government.

The role of fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The role of fashion - Essay Example The essay "The role of fashion" discovers the role of fashion. The denotative meaning is also called a principle meaning. Using this perspective, clothes is defined as the protection of our body. However, this level of understanding does not reveal the clothing’s fundamental function in a culture. At the connotative level, fashion is interpreted at a secondary level significant and important within a social and cultural convention. Semiotics plays an important role in visual rhetoric. The signs or codes are transferred from actual conversations (based on intuitive understand developed within the culture). These signs or codes are transferred into actual conversations based on these intuitive understanding that developed within a culture. Society is influential in establishing an individual’s identity through social constructs. What people wear and how we are wearing clothes should not affect the decision and preferences we have. Rather, it should become the basis for co nstructing the individual’s understanding of a belief within the society. Our choice of clothes, then, is not affected by a decision or a choice made by the individual. Rather, it depends on how he understands and believes in what the society dictates. Fashion, then, identifies and constructs one’s identity by using semiotics that developed within a culture. Fashion can also behave as a tool for non-verbal communication in different ways. This includes fashion’s role of suggesting one’s expression, political view.... This includes fashion’s role of suggesting one’s expression, political view, or social status or role. But even if fashion is not used as a definer of social role or expression, it is significant in the expression of one’s personality. These meanings are based on connotation level rather than denotation meaning. The power of semiotics is evident in the study of fashion and youth. This leads us to understand how fashion affects the personality and character of an individual, and vice versa. Even though everyone has the freedom to choose his own style, people tend to judge other people by these preferences. It is not unusual for someone to suspect another person sporting a Mohawk hairstyle or tattoo, and wearing ripped jeans, to be troublesome or delinquent. In the article, Hiding in the Light: Youth Surveillance and Display by Dick Hebdige, one’s appearance can put the young ones under suspicion of a crime. Hebdige asserts, â€Å"Pictures of punks and mods and skinheads, for instance are commonly regarded, even amongst many documentary practitioners, as unproblematic or as distractions from the real issues: visually interesting but ideologically suspect†(Hebdige, 19). This proves that even if the individual is using his fashion as a necessity of man, for the purpose of covering his body, the connotative meaning of his clothing disregards the denotative meaning. One’s clothing and appearance can be changed completely by social expectations and assumptions. Let’s use another example. Two people dress up in different styles. The first one has a punk style and the other has a formal and businesslike look. Because of his appearance and style, the punk would receive grave stares as people suspect him doing criminal acts.

Employee Training and Development at Abbott Case Study

Employee Training and Development at Abbott - Case Study Example Abbott has received numerous local, national and international distinctions for its commitment to workplace excellence. Abbott has been named one of the best places to work in the world. It has received many awards for its unique performance and its concern and care for its workforce safety, growth and development and success and excellence. The present study covers some of the important areas in employee training and development that have made it a distinct company. Strategic training is directly linked with the business strategy of a company. It begins with identifying the business strategy. Then strategic training and development initiatives that support the strategy are selected and these are translated into concrete training and development activities. The final step involves identifying measures or metrics. These metrics are used to determine if training helped contribute to goals related to business strategy. (Noe. 2008) As Raymond Noe rightly points out, the company's mission, vision, values and goals help to determine the strategy. The mission is the company's reason for existing. The vision is the picture of what company does in the future and what it wants to achieve. Values are what the company stands for. SWOT analysis really helps a company to identify its strengths and weakness and an analysis of its operating environment to identify opportunities and threats. It studies closely the internal and external factors that affect its performance. This analysis goes a long way in formulating the business strategy. The company has to consider its competition. It will decide how the company will compete with others in the market. There are three main points to consider when planning the strategy for competing. They are: 1) where to compete 2) How to compete 3) With what will it compete Abbott has a clear business strategy with its clear mission and vision statements and thorough SWOT analysis.- Once the business strategy is clear then strategic training and development initiatives that support the Strategy are identified. Strategic training and development initiatives are learning-related actions that a company should take to help it achieve its business strategy. (Noe, 2008) These initiatives are based on the business environment, an understanding of the company's goals and resources and insight regarding potential training and development options. These provide the company a road map to guide specific training and development activities. One of the initiatives in strategic training is to diversifying the learning portfolio by using new technology, facilitating informal learning, and providing more personalized learning opportunities. Expanding who are trained is another major initiative in strategic training. It includes customers, suppliers and employees. It also aims at providing training for non-managerial employees. Accelerating the Pace of Employee learning is another major strategic training initiative. It helps in quickly identifying needs and providing a high-quality learning solution, reducing the time to develop training programs and

English Exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English Exam - Assignment Example The book focuses on African- American relationship of Jim a young man who lives in the Mississippi river. One of the major concerns is the use of the word ‘nigger,’ which is disliked by most readers and critics. In estimation, the word appears 215 times making the book to be banned from most of the classrooms in United States. The writing styles, the themes, and the language are not fit for the book to be used in a classroom setting. A major concern is the type of language used and the nature of racial discrimination that is illustrated by these pieces of arts (Born to Trouble). The books and the movies show in details the origin of the word ‘nigger’ and how the blacks were mistreated, hanged, and killed while being called the name. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn book is important as a historic book drawing a clear line on the treatment of the blacks by the whites. The book is most important in the curriculum since it clearly speaks and brings out the issue of racial discrimination, racial language, racial inequality, and many racial concerns that most white Americans fear and always avoid. It is for this reason that most of the parents and critics advocate for its banning. Twain himself shows a greater understanding of racism (Classic Literature). From these pieces of art, immorality has been expressed which is one of the shortcomings that has embraced most of the cities and states in the US. For example, Twain’s phrases that clearly indicate that the book is both immoral and vulgar in the way it presents itself hence not fit for the society. Twain writes, "Those idiots in Concord are not a court of last resort and I am not disturbed by their moral gymnastics.† From the Simpson’s we also observe cases of immorality especially when Homer the Heretic decides not to go to church but watch TV while drinking waffle batters and loafs while wearing his underwear. In addition to this, women have been used as symbols of sex and are observed as objects for sexual gratitude. For example, in the episode, I love Lisa, Lisa give Ralph a valentine’s card and Ralph interprets this as Lisa being in love with him. In the book the Custom of the Country, Ralph also considers Undine a sexual object. This is also widely shown with Twain in his book in abusive ways. Women have also been portrayed as lonely and hopeless people in these pieces of art. This is evident when Undine in the book Custom of the Country becomes pregnant and later neglects her son. This is because she did not like her in-laws and therefore felt so lonely to an extent of neglecting her own son. On the other hand, the Simpson season 4, Aunt Selma believes that getting a baby is the only way, which is able to relieve her of her loneliness. Question 2 Mad men season 1 themes of immorality, corruption, lies, and deception can be compared to Wharton’s The Custom of the Country. Peggy is suffering from sexual harassment from her male c olleagues at work. Peggy sleeps with Pete Campbell on his bachelor’s party just the eve before he gets married who is her junior accounts manager. On the other hand, Don is cheating on her depressed wife Betty. Roger Sterling is also cheating on his wife Mona. All these are cases of immorality in season 1 of the mad men. In comparison to The Custom of the Country Undine although married engage in an affair with Peter Van

RECOMMENDATION ASSIGNMENT DESCRIPTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

RECOMMENDATION ASSIGNMENT DESCRIPTION - Essay Example The main source for reference for this study is a 2003 World Bank endorsed report which provides facts about the practice. It also recommends possible interventions that can be taken by various stakeholders. One may ask whether   the responsibility of containing this evil be left only to governments. The main stakeholders such as employers, guardians, civil groups, labor authorities and governments have a mandate to collectively strategize on how to look and solve this issue once and for all. This is because if this does not happen the larger society will be in ruin as Larson (14) observes. Introduction Child labor is a nagging issue that is present in most developing countries. This is because of the fact that the policies and laws that govern labor are either too lenient or don’t exist at all. This can be traced back to the period when the world was in the Industrial revolution era according to Sailee Kale (1) who is a contributor to the issues that relate to labor. At thi s point in time, many industries were   constructed to manufacture commodities. Because the owners were keen to reduce the expenses that were originating from the inputs, they resolved to adopt cheap labor to maintain the desired profit levels. The main source for this labor was destitute children who could work for food and menial allowances. Such situations are reported by NGOs and the media on a daily basis in India and Africa where children toil the farms and manufacturing factories. The main cause of this situation as this study is going to highlight is poverty and ignorance. Faraaz Sidiqi a human labor consultant speaks widely on these issues and interventions that ought to be taken if the battle against child labor is to be won. Background Information According to Sidiqi (20) Africa and Asia account for more than 90% of the global child labor exploitation cases. This is because of the fact that they are developing at a unusually high rate. Countries in these regions have ag riculture and industrial sectors as the backbone for their economies. The two sectors are labor intensive meaning that they demand a high recruitment of workers to carry out menial jobs. Labor costs take the largest fraction of input expenses in any industry hence a constant search for cheaper supply by the owners. The available option for such labor is the children who are an easy target since they may not be aware of their rights. In the report that was investigating the trends of child labor from 1993-2003 by the World Bank, 22% of all workers in Africa and 15% in Asia were children. This can be a staggering revelation especially at this age and time when the world stresses on education for the future generations. The children working on massive farms or dungeons of factories miss education. The other issue on why the situation is prevalent in today’s society is the policy framework that exists in the affected countries. The laws that dictate labor in those countries are e ither too vague or are not implementable at all by the authorities as the report shows (67). Therefore, the starting point for solving this problem is through a thorough scrutiny of the laws that dictate how children and labor issues relate. This paper will expound on other probable causes of child labor and its associated effects. Later on, there will be a comprehensive look at recommended practices to change the aspect of child related labor. Causes of Child Labor Poverty and

Phenomenon (McDonalds) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Phenomenon (McDonalds) - Essay Example It is after investigation that he unveiled how lucrative the entity was but took time joining them Ray After investigating while still dealing with the brothers, he found out the entity had the potential of becoming prominent in the region judging from Americans’ attitudes towards eat out joints. Hence, advised them to expand the entity’s presence but they did not know how to do that where he intervened as their agent and establishing first shop in Chicago (1955) (Johansen 82). After six years, Ray managed to buy this entity from the brothers, hence being able to have adequate and complete control meant to keep it in the best track he deemed would ensure success. Hence, during then being extremely strict in managing his array of restaurants together with ensuring the entity fully embraced cleanliness, quality as well as excellence in service, which comprises its key aspects to date. Besides strict operations, his intention was to spearhead numerous establishments not only in US but also globally but using similar standards. According to Johansen (82), the entity by 2012 had approximately 14,000 units in US and over 33,000 globally. This is despite its owner before and after acquisition then experiencing serious health drawbacks that could have deterred him from realizing the current enormous entity’s global debut (Johansen 82). Many including health institutions have resulted to intense debates claiming the entity has significantly contributed to the menace of obesity especially among children (Korthals 33). Hence, leading to other serious health drawbacks whose medical treatments are extremely pricey to the extent some Americans are unable to afford. Those pushing for this debate contend food served by this entity has low nutritional value compared to what the entity has attractively relayed on the products’ labels (Korthals 33). This was evident in both UK and US where the

Human cloning is not playing god Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human cloning is not playing god - Essay Example However, this depicts that only God has the power to create and sustain life as opposed the concept of cloning. On the other hand, cloning does not play god as it carries out the role of man as given in the biblical accounts of creation. This is concerning going forth and filling the world, where man attempts to sustain life by extending it. This is done by using cloning for is benefits in overcoming certain health conditions that may lead in fatalities. The entire process involves the manipulation of DNA, as opposed to the biblical accounts, where man is created from dust thus, cloning has no hand in an attempt to take over Gods role (â€Å"Human Cloning†). Therefore, human cloning does not play the role of god in any way following the distinct differences in the creation process. This is as seen in both cases of cloning and creation, where one is the source of life, while the second is only but a means of extending life. â€Å"Human Cloning†. American Medical Association. n.d. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. Candel, Joseph. â€Å"Playing God?: Facts and Thoughts on Human Cloning†. Activated Ministries. 2003. Web. 9 Oct. 2012.

The loss of humanness for slaves and slaveholders Essay Example for Free

The loss of humanness for slaves and slaveholders Essay The history of slavery cannot and should not be forgotten, because it represents one of the chapters of human history, when humanity was not humane at all. The â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass† depicts an autobiography of an American slave, Frederick Douglass, who has risen from the pits of slavery to the echelon of free men. The first few chapters narrate the harrowing experiences of slaves, under the hands of their white masters and mistresses. This paper focuses on chapter 1 of Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. † The main argument of chapter 1 is that slavery dehumanizes slaves, by not allowing them to nurture human bonds or have memories of important aspects of their lives that remind them of their humanness, and slavery also dehumanizes slaveholders, because it allows masters to perform the most inhumane acts to their slaves. Slavery dehumanizes slaves, by not allowing them to nurture human bonds. Douglass recounts the practice of slaveholders of separating infant slaves from their mothers. He reckons that this may be due to the belief of slave masters in the importance of erasing maternal relations, which can impact the work and loyalty of the slaves to their masters. Douglass says that the primary goal of the separation between mothers and their young children is to prevent â€Å"the development of the childs affection toward its mother, and to blunt and destroy the natural affection of the mother for the child† (Douglass, ch. 1). This practice seems to have been successful, because when Frederick’s mother died, he did not feel anything for her: â€Å"I received the tidings of her death with much the same emotions I should have probably felt at the death of a stranger. † Having lack of emotion at this critical point in his life portrays how slavery dehumanizes slaves by eradicating human emotions that would have otherwise been developed in normal life circumstances. Furthermore, slaves are not supposed to develop positive social relationships, and so families and lovers are commonly torn apart. Douglass remembers Aunt Hester, whom her master has been discovered with another black slave, and so his aunt was incessantly whipped, and he also knows slave families that are also broken, by separating parents from their children and siblings from their siblings. Slavery also dehumanizes slaves by not allowing them to have memories of important aspects of their lives that remind them of their humanness. Douglass does not remember his birthday, which the text indicates as a way of stressing how slaves are less human, because they cannot remember the date that they have been born humans. Douglass also asserts the inhumanity of not knowing his birthday, by saying: â€Å"†¦ the larger part of the slaves knows as little of their ages as horses know of theirs. † By saying this, Douglass creates the relationship between slaves and animal treatment, an indication of how slaves were treated as animals. In addition, Douglass also does not even know who his father is. Not knowing one’s real parents also affects one’s idea of humanity, because it is equal to not being aware of one’s origins, which can negatively influence the formation of human identity. Slavery also dehumanizes masters by making them emotionally distant enough to do the most inhumane acts to their slaves. Douglass remembers the atrocious whippings of her aunt: â€Å"The louder she screamed, the harder he whipped; and where the blood ran fastest, there he whipped longest. † Masters have become hungry for blood. Because of this lust for blood, even the masters have disengaged from being humans, because they have lost their compassion for their fellow human beings. Their violent natures turned them into animals too. Slavery represents the process of turning people into animals. Slaves and masters are both converted into animals, because slavery removed critical aspects of their humanness. Slavery took away social relations and human memories from slaves and ignited bloodlust among slave masters. The outcomes of slavery, as well as its processes, are all inhumane, and so inhumanity was developed. Thus, slavery reverses the gift of humanity to humans and it has provided a way of enslaving the essence of humanity. Work cited Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave. Web. 17 July 2010 http://sunsite. berkeley. edu/Literature/Douglass/Autobiography/01. html.

Overview And Analysis Of Womens Empowerment Social Work Essay

Overview And Analysis Of Womens Empowerment Social Work Essay Womens empowerment has more than one component: their right to make decision; their access to opportunities and resources; authority to be in charge of their own lives, both inside and outside the home. Women empowerment has a lot of dimensions attached to it. It revolves around access to knowledge, possession of social and economic resources and more autonomy in political and economic decision making process. All these components and dimensions of women empowerment are interrelated and alteration in one component will not bring a huge transformation unless all the component changes. If women are more productive like men, and both gender work simultaneously for the betterment of the country it will lead to a sustainable way out of poverty. Therefore women should also get equal work opportunities. But women have greater challenges, as they do not get the same economic opportunities as men do. They do not get access to the decent working condition and lag behind men in decision making. In Pakistan women does not has her own proper identity as she is owned by her male folks. Their Integrity, health, is often beyond their own control. They are taken as invisible, underserved and under nourished. Culture of Pakistan is greatly patriarchal resulting in many old and conservative traditions of giving subservient and subordinate role to women. The decisions about womens life are made by men in her family especially in distant and underdeveloped region. In Pakistan specific religion beliefs are deeply rooted in citizens belief and on which many traditions and social perspective surfaces. Women in order to be more enriched politically and economically have to raise their voice , only women force can change the structure of decision making , such a decision making system have to be introduced which can make women more participatory , this will change the agenda of development and women will be working with men equally for development. Such measures should be taken to give importance to women who are underprivileged since women are majority of them. Poverty also plays an n important role as women in low developing countries, who are not properly nourished, how can they even raise their voice for their rights. In order to eliminate gender disparity and empower women, we should redistribute resources and remove such practices which are discriminatory Gender empowerment mean that females ought to gain equality under the law and it must be implemented and enforced. Womens empowerment essentially contains legal fairness, equal access to education and practical exercise, females management at the national level, positive action for jobs with one and the same pay, and a gender-sensitive justice system. 1.2 Relevance of topic and research title Women consist of more than 50 percent of population in Pakistan and to deprive this half population of empowerment is to deprive our economy of growth. Women empowerment will not only result in the empowerment of women but also the economic well being of the country. The development of the country also should result in equitable distribution of development benefits especially to the women sector. Economically empower women have more autonomy and resultantly this can transform their children and family lives. As she is a pivot about which entire family unit revolve, therefore an economically enriched woman has a constructive impact on the future generation. Countries who dont take benefit of its full population and ignores half of it, it is actually misallocating its resources, which will only lead to the reducing their development potential. All countries should focus on its weakness and learn from more successful countries. It should also set up such policies which take advantage of the whole population, as in both female and male. As successful countries are the one who recognize the potential in the women force as well for development. Throughout the world, there is not a single country which can boast of gender equality and full women empowerment. Women still out there face discrimination and are lagging behind in one way or the other. Gender equality in two critical sections is very important like economic and political empowerment of women. There is improvement in health and education with the advent of technology and as globally economies are developing but yet there is a long way to go as women are still very behind men especially in decision making and income earning. With the past trend it is quiet visible women are actively participating in to take charge of their own lives and this is in fact effecting the communities and society as a whole. But there is a big problem as women are not consistent class, they vary by race culture, society, brought up and opportunity, thus these factors also plays an important part in the disparity of women as these factors affect the behavior of society members. The objective of this research is to find out what political and economical determinants effect the women empowerment especially in Pakistan. The main goal is to find out what past variables have been selected and to learn from them and find new determinants. 1.3 Background Information and evolution As Pakistan is a growing and developing country and for the past few years its condition is not much improving, this in act is further affecting the condition of women. As more and more people are effected and thus poverty is increasing. Thus women have to strive hard to contribute to the family income, so that their family is at least above poverty line In Pakistan, apparently through the perspective of Islam this country says it gives equal right to both men and women but there is another side to the picture. Women constitute a small portion in decison making and they contribute very less o the development of the country as there labor force participation with respect to men is very less. The status of women in this country represents the traditions and the social customs, which led women to this condition. Women are always underprivileged then man in Pakistan, they get less education, food, decision making and health. As it is consider men are the lords of women, and women are deprived from their basic rights. Women destiny is controlled by men. This is not the case in Pakistan only but also in many countries men are considered superior than women. To achieve development, we have to convert our weakness to strengths. It is also known that increase women participation in the labor force will benefit the growth and resources can be distributed more easily to disadvantaged people. Thus women should get decent work, social protection and voice at work. As most of the time women are subjugated to lower wages than men and their wages have barely increased over time and they are offered low skilled, low paid atypical jobs, mainly performed from home. One of the greatest achievements in Pakistan, during the last decade has been the increasing proportion of women in the labor force, enabling women all over the country to use their potential in the labor market and to achieve economic independence. But yet we still have a long way o go. From Global perspective higher percentage of female are working in the developed countries than ever before, yet at the identical time these women continuing raise children to bear new burdens. But these women face tradeoffs as it will be difficult to find good demanding jobs with children to look after too as well. That is why there is not equal opportunity for men and women. Not only the family but also the society, government and the whole nation will benefit from the empowerment of women. Versatile aspects contribute to the passive functions played by women in the Pakistan Society. Great emphasis has been laid on removing gender inequality and improving women empowerment as Millennium Developmental Goal, resultantly many efforts have been initiated by the Government and NGOs in Pakistan on this issue According to (Pakistan employment trends for women) , international Labor Organization (ILO), has the objective of the promotion of opportunities for women and men to obtain productive employment and decent work in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity is also the overall objective of the four fundamental ILO Conventions stressing gender equality cover: (1) equal remuneration (2) non-discrimination in employment and occupation, (3) workers with family responsibilities and (4) maternity protection. The Millennium Development Goals that emerged from the UN Millennium Declaration of September 2000 are specific measurable targets, including the one for reducing the extreme poverty that still grips more than 1 billion of the worlds people by 2015. Central to this promise are the MDGs related to educational outcomes: (1) Ensure that all children complete primary education by 2015. (2) Eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary education. By 2006, most countries have already fallen well behind the necessary targets to meet these goals (Millennium Development Goal, 2006). As stated in millennium development goal 3 the promotion of gender equality and empowerment is fundamental to achieving the remaining MDGs .Likewise, there is evidence that addressing gender issues benefits individuals and families, workers and employers, society and national economies. Improving womens wages and earnings has been identified as a key element in tackling poverty and achieving the MDGs. Yet there are Country specific activities to promote gender equality and decent work as in Pakistans constitution ensures all fundamental human rights and guarantees equal employment opportunities for men and women. Existing labor legislations do not discriminate against anyone on the basis of sex, but women are not allowed to work in a few areas for health and safety reasons, but the society as a whole plays a big part. the traditions of Pakistan forces women to sit at home and look after the children only , whether there husband give them money or not ,. Society or community does not approve females going out and raisening voices for their rights. They also disapprove females working outside their homes. It is consider the work of women juts to look after their families. So to change this whole perceptive media is playing a big part but the government also needs to be active. As recently the Government initiated a number of activities to promote gender equality at the heart of decent work and to achieve MDG target calling for full and productive employment and decent work for all including women and young people. Those activities range from gender Sensitive revisions of constitutional and legal provisions to the establishment of new policy frameworks that help to accomplish the target. Therefore, the promotion of rights of women and men in the world of work and to achieve gender equality are reflected in a number of national development frameworks and policy documents including the Medium Term Development Framework (MTDF) for 2005-10, the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) and documents exclusively relating to labor markets such as the 2002 Labor Policy and the 2006 Labor Protection Policy. Pakistans Decent Work Country Program (DWCP) spells out the main strategy and plan of action to promote the creation of decent work with gender equality as a cross cutting theme. Overview of existing national policies and development frameworks that stress gender equality and decent work in the country. (Haq) 1.4 Managerial and Academic concerns My research will highlight the key determinants of women empowerment in Pakistan. As this issue is not only prevalent in Pakistan but is a global issue. as It is very important to conduct a research on determinants of women empowerment because it will stress on women troubles and bring them in to attention and it can facilitates and direct the policy makers to make such an intervention in their area, that could enrich these females not only economically but also politically and financially so that they can make a difference in their children lives and their individual living environment .Consequently providing her the individual safety and self-respect that is her essential right. this research is will also help independent institutions like NGOs to reach out to economically and politically deprived women as The negligence of women in development process will be big loss for Pakistan as it will result in loss in human potential and ultimately effect national development. Academically, this research is very important for the students as it will help them pinpoint the economic and political determinants which effect the women empowerment in Pakistan. Student will find this research more feasible and accurate. As now more people are getting aware of this issue, so more teachers and students are doing research on women empowerment. They find this investigation more helpful. 1.6 Keywords and Definitions Empowerment Refers to increasing the spiritual, political, social or economic strength of individuals and communities. It often involves the empowered developing confidence in their own capacities (Ouellette) Womens empowerment refers to the ability of women to transform economic and social development when empowered to fully participate in the decisions that affect their lives through leadership training, coaching, consulting, and the provision of enabling tools for women to lead within their communities, regions, and countries (Wise earth) Economic and political Determinants An identifiable elementin economicand political that affectsthat limitsor definesa decisionor condition. 1.7 Study Objectives This study is an attempt to find the determinants of women empowerment in Pakistan as women being the core element of development and in Pakistan it consists of more than half of the population. To study the impact of the Economic participation on women empowerment. To study the impact of the health on women empowerment. To study the impact of the Power over economic resources on women empowerment. To study the impact of the Microfinance on women empowerment. To study the impact of the Political empowerment on women empowerment. To study the impact of the Education attainment on women empowerment. To study the impact of the traditions on women empowerment. End notes With the advent of technology and progress in development, yet in this era women still lack behind men in power because even though a lot has been done for the empowerment of women but there is still a long way to go. Especially in Pakistan, the norms and tradition practiced are such that which suppresses the rights of female. Since independences of Pakistan, women have not gained freedom from these discriminating norms. Even though there has been a progress but this progress is very slow. Even though gains has been made, as by UNDP, the share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector which at present is around 10 percent and the MTDF target is 12 percent ant there has been improvement in the proportion of seats held by women in national parliament from just 0.9 percent in the National Assembly and 1.0 percent in Senate, but to empower women not only our government but also society as a whole ha to work very hard.

Life And Career Of James Cameron Film Studies Essay

Life And Career Of James Cameron Film Studies Essay Ever heard of some really good movies called Titanic, Terminator, and Avatar? Iconic director James Cameron is the brains behind making these and other great films that were, and still are very popular throughout the world. In his life, he has been extremely successful. Titanic went on to become the highest grossing movie of all time. You can give the credit to Camerons genius special effects and amazing story lines. His movies are all very interesting and really capture the imagination of the viewer. Camerons contributions to the movie world make him a big time Hollywood director. James comes from a working class family, where his parents worked very hard to support him. Oscars and numerous other awards can be found all over his house. He is a really good director and his movies are very loved around the world. James was born in the year of 1954 Phillip and Shirley Cameron. He was delivered in Kapuskasing, Ontario Canada. Camerons Dad was an electrical engineer at a power plant. His mom, Shirley was a creative type. Shirley played a large and significant role in stimulating the artistic prowess inside of her son. She enlisted him in numerous acting lessons, painting instruction, and even hired him a personal piano teacher. She did this to encourage James to be as artistic and in touch with his creative side. At school, Cameron was a pretty good student. He didnt like math because of one reason. There was only one answer to every problem. He was never able to fully be creative in his work.. James really liked reading and writing, but really liked in science fiction and space/futuristic novels. His all time favorite book as a student was 2001 A Space Odyssey. The amazing futuristic and descriptive writings of the novel really stuck with Cameron and shaped him into the creative director he is today. After reading the book Cameron had a revelation. He wanted to be in the business of art. The form he chose was directing. He felt like he would be really good at it. But he knew his dream of stardom was one of a Hollywood fairytale. So instead of pursuing a career as a director, James finished high school and went on to college. After receiving his high school diploma, Cameron transitioned into college. He chose to pursue a physics at Cal State Fullerton. He really liked studying physics there, but in the back of his head, a feeling of incompleteness still stuck in the back of his head. Cameron still wanted to test the waters as a film maker. After this sudden change of heart, he switched his major to English and went on to continue his studies for one more year. As the year past, Cameron came to the decision that college was not where he wanted to be anymore. James dropped out and moved into a small apartment in Los Angeles. There, he worked odd jobs here and there. In the mean time, he was always writing scripts and coming up with ideas for his films. At this point in his life, Cameron was at ease with his decision. His parents continued to support him from across the country. A changing point came though when Cameron first watched original Star Wars. This was in 1977. Just like the books he used to read as a child, watching Star Wars really resonated with him. It was exactly the kind of thing he was into. So, after he saw it, he really decided to pursue his dream as a director. He quit his current job and proceeded to focus all of his time and energy into film making. Camerons close knit friends in LA got together as he told them about the dream he wanted to purse. They all agreed they were interested and wanted to be a part of it. The group got together and created a movie. The movie was small and very low budget. However, it caught the attention of writers in Hollywood and got Camerons name out there as a legitimize director. They hustled enough money and eventually were able to get all the equipment necessary to create movies. Camerons first movie as a big time director was awful and terrible. The producer of the film told him that he was a terrible director and would never make it in the business. The negative comments only encouraged him to pursue his dream. He wanted to prove everyone wrong. He wanted to show Hollywood that a kid from Canada could become one of the best film makers in the history of movies. James swore to himself from that point that everyone of his next projects would be top quality and extremely well done. The movie he came up with was Terminator. Futuristic and sci-fi effects were the backbone behind this movie. People had never seen a story like this. They were consumed by the awesome explosions and amazing gun fights. The future governor of California, Arnold Shawrtzanegier got his first big break in this movie. After this, he blew up and went on to become a big time action movie star. Terminator was extremely successful, and James proceeded to create great picture after great picture. James Cameron then unveiled his greatest movie. In this film, he went away from his big explosions and fights scenes like we had seen in his previous movies. Instead, he created a movie that tugged and pulled at the emotional sensors of the human brain. This movie was Titanic. Titanic made Cameron a very rich man. It would go on to become the highest grossing film ever. It made billions and billions of dollars. The movie is very cool because it is so detailed. In one scene he replicated the exact china that was used on the real Titanic. Also, on the scene where Jack and Rose are floating in the ocean, if one is to look into the sky, the consolation of stars is exactly that of the night the real ship sank. After Titanic, Camerons reputation grew as a film maker and he continued on his quest for stardom. Cameron has been a part of many projects, not only the movies he has directed. He assisted fellow directors and also helped produce some of his friends movies. He also has an interest in acting, and sometimes fulfills roles in his own, and others movies. One of Camerons most recent movies is one about a blue alien species. Avatar is a very cool and intriguing movie. It has awesome special effects and if you see it in 3-d it will enhance the experience greatly. Avatar went on to surpass Titanic as the highest grossing movie of all time. His ingenious is really shown in this movie. His creation of a whole other race, with there own language, customs, and culture is a extremely amazing feat. It truly shows the brain power and imagination that he truly possesses. This skill is what makes him so successful in his directing. In all of his movies, Cameron usually has some reoccurring things that usually always take place. Some of these themes are apocalyptic, mans dependency on machines, and more then usual, a woman will have a very prominent role in saving the day. Most of Camerons movie have one or more of these elements in them. Cameron has married many women in his life. In his years, he has had 5 wives. First he was married to Sharon Williams in 1978. In 1984, he married Gale Hurd, the producer who bough Terminator. After Gale, he married Kathryn Bigelow in 1989. After Biglow, Cameron married Linda Hamilton, whom he has one daughter with. Finally, he married his current wife, Suzy Amis in 2000. When it comes to religion, Cameron does not really have any beliefs. He considers himself an atheist. Meaning he believes that after death, a persons body just becomes part of the earth, and that is it. director James Cameron is the brains behind making these and other great films that were, and still are very popular throughout the world. In his life, he has been extremely successful. Titanic went on to become the highest grossing movie of all time. You can give the credit to Camerons genius special effects and amazing story lines. His movies are all very interesting and really capture the imagination of the viewer. Camerons contributions to the movie world make him a big time Hollywood director. James comes from a working class family, where his parents worked very hard to support him. Oscars and numerous other awards can be found all over his house. He is a really good director and his movies are very loved around the world.

Health and Safety in a Computer Room :: Workplace Health and Safety

Health and safety in a computer room is very important as the misuse of the computer room may lead to certain problems both physically and mentally. Using a computer for a long period of time can affect your health in different ways. The following report will contain details about the health and safety risks in using the computer and how to combat them, and a study of the Laws & Guidelines Health and Safety risks and ways to combat them 1. RSI- RSI stands for repetitive stain injury. Doing the same thing for a long time can cause this. 2. Eyestrain- this is when you look at a VDU screen for a long time. Particularly at looking at a flickering screen or in bad light of glare. 3. Stress- this occurs when you are too concentrated on something. It is the feeling of anxiety fear, anger, frustration and depression. 4. ELF radiation- Elf stands for extremely low frequency. Electro-magnetic fields cause this. VDU screens give out radiation at the back and sides. Pregnant women are at most at risk. 5. Lose wires- are a hazard as anyone may trip over the wires and fall over Ways to combat the mentioned problems 1. RSI- The risk of RSI can be minimised if a computer user is able to sit in a comfortable, upright position when working. To be able to do this they need adjustable chairs and tables, wrist pads, and footrests. 2. Eye strain- One way to avoid eyestrain is to look out of a window at a distant object every once in a while. 3. Stress- Do stress relieving exercises. 4.

The Influence of Attitudes on Race-based Affirmative Action Essay

The Influence of Attitudes on Race-based Affirmative Action Abstract President John F. Kennedy proposed the first major legislation to combat discrimination in the workplace, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which led to President Clinton’s Affirmative Action legislation in 1996. This legislation was based upon existent prejudices within the workforce and was aimed to correct past inequities as well as present ones. Although American society has advanced a great deal since 1964 and even since Affirmative Action legislation was implemented, basic theories of human behavior assert that individuals will always hold prejudices and practice discrimination. Affirmative action policies have been criticized by nonbeneficiaries who believe that its policies do little to end discrimination and instead create unfair job opportunities for beneficiaries. However, a considerable amount of research has shown that many Americans are in support of affirmative action and that those who are not in support of its policies are simply unaware of how affirmative action truly works. Discrimination against minorities in the United States has existed for centuries, and each generation makes its own attempt to end this discrimination. The Civil War brought emancipation, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 helped protected groups gain employment, and the Affirmative Action legislation of 1996 completed the gaps left by the Civil Rights Act. Although prejudices in American society have diminished greatly since the Civil War and even since the Civil Rights Act was passed, discrimination is still present within the United States. Because there is no guarantee that employers will hire based solely upon merit and abilities, legislation is necessary to ensure that members of protected groups are not treated unfairly during the hiring and promotional processes. Affirmative action policies help regulate employment opportunities for women and minorities so that they are not robbed of job opportunities because of their status as a woman or minority member. Affirmative action policie s act as the babysitters for organizations, and while they may need revision, they are certainly still necessary. The Civil Rights Act of 1964   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While Affirmative Action is a fairly new government policy, its roots lie in the Civil Rights Act of 1964; however, America’s attempt to end discrimin... ...gmatizing effects of affirmative action: An examination   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  of moderating variables. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 185-206. Stewart, M.M., & Shapiro, D.L. (1999). Selection based on merit versus demography:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Implications across race and gender lines. Paper presented at the Socity for   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Atlanta, GA. Triandis, H.C. (1996). The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes. American   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychologist, 51, 407-415. Trope, Y. (1986). Identification and inferential processes in dispositional attribution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychological Review, 93, 239-257. Weeks, K.P. (2002). Levels of prejudice and motivation as explanations for race   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  discrimination on selection interviews. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1910-1923. White House. (1995). Affirmative action review: Report to the President. Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  November 3, 2003 from the World Wide Web: www.whitehouse.gov/WH/EOP/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  OP/html/aa/aa-index.

What Factors affect Britains climate?

Weather is different in every country even city. Climate is the general weather conditions usually found in a particular place. Through climate we can judge the type of fruit or vegetables that grow in a certain area. The Mediterranean climate is good for growing citrus fruits and grapes. Where as the American climate is good for growing bananas and Indian and Pakistani climate is perfect for mangoes. Britain is an island country and is surrounded by sea which gives it a varied climate. We never actually know what the weather will be like, one day it might be sunny the next there might be rain. As we have such a variable climate its hard to predict in general we have warm summers and cool winters our summers our cooler than other countries because we are surrounded by sea but our winters are milder. The main influence on Britain's climate which are important are latitude , altitude ,distance from the sea, ocean currents and the prevailing winds. Latitude: Latitude is the position north or south of the equator measured from 0à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ to 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. If you are on the equator then your latitude would be zero. If you are near the north pole your latitude would be nearly ninety degrees north and if you are more to the south pole your latitude would be almost 90 degrees south. The further away from the equator you are the colder it is. Therefore when we compare the UK with a country such as Egypt, Egypt is always hotter because its more nearer to the equator than UK. As you can see on the diagram Egypt is more nearer to the equator than Britain and is therefore more warmer.(the diagram is not accurate jus a rough estimation of where the two countries may be) as one gets above tropic of cancer or Capricorn, the climate becomes milder, with warm summers and cold winters. This is known as temperate climate and this is what the UK climate is referred as. At points furthest away from the equator, the climate is colder and is called polar. Altitude: Altitude is the height above sea level, the higher we go the colder it gets altitude may be measured in units such as metres or miles but is usually measured in feet. When I say the higher you go the colder it gets a mere example is on top of mountain peeks, the peeks are way high up and it is much much much colder there and therefore the air there freezes into ice or snow. In Britain there are a few mountains but we are surrounded more by the sea and therefore the mountains don't have a lot of effect in Britain. Other countries such as Nepal that have a lot of mountain ranges are very cold and I personally think its because of the mountains. The temperature falls by about 1 degrees for ever 100 metres above sea level. Distance form the sea: The sea is cooler than land during summer and warmer in winter because it conducts heat slower than land and cools down slower than land in winter. Land heats up faster than sea because its denser and has a bit of metal in it which is a very good conductor heat. The centre of continents are subject to a large range of temperatures. In the summer, temperatures can be very hot and dry as moisture from the sea evaporates before it reaches the centre of the continent. Distance from the sea has a great effect on Britain as you can see on the map that Britain is surrounded by water an therefore makes our summer cooler and our winters are much milder. Prevailing wind direction: prevailing wind direction means the direction wind comes from. Winds that blow from the sea often bring rain to the coast and dry weather to inland areas. Winds that blow to Britain from warm inland areas such as Africa (a warm hot area) will be warm and dry. Winds that blow to Britain from inland areas such as the Netherlands (cold region) will be cold and dry in winter. Britain's prevailing winds come from a south westerly direction over the Atlantic. The winds are cool in the summer and mild in the winter. Because Britain's wind comes from the south west this means it brings fairly warm air because it comes from near the equator. It also brings water vapour from the ocean(as it comes over the Atlantic ocean)- and that means more rain! Ocean currents: The North Atlantic Current (North Atlantic Drift and the North Atlantic Sea Movement) is a powerful warm ocean current that continues the Gulf Stream northeast. Ocean currents can have a great effect on tempratures either reduce it or increase it. The main ocean current that affects UK is the gulf stream. The gulf stream is a warm ocean current in the north atlantic flowing from the gulf of mexico. The gulf of mexico has a higher temprature than uk because its more closer to the equator where as uk is more futher away near the north pole. This means that the air coming from the Gulf of Mexico to Britain is also warm. However, the air is also quite moist as it travels over the Atlantic ocean. This is one reason why Britain often has wet weather. Some local factors affecting climate: There are some local factors which don't have a major affect but do in a way affect all climate such as the two following;One place may be warm and dry because it is sheletered by hills whereas another place may unmasked to wind and rain. Also electronic things, cars leting of gas and central heating also give out heat. So therefore the city is made to be more warmer than the countryside. Air mass Some part of the world is hot some is cold. The result is that the air moves around- like the air in a cold building when you turn on the heater or even the cooker in the kitchen. The air moves around the world in huge blocks known as air masses. An air mass can be thousands of km across. It can be warm or cold or any temperature but depending on where it came from. If for example an air mass comes from the north pole and moves over to the UK there will be cold and dry weather if an air mass coming from the equator (a warm dry place) there will be warm weather. Often two different air masses will meet and clash over the UK which causes sudden changes in weather. Many different air masses cross Britain. That's why our weather changes so fast but if an air mass stays very slow or stays in one place the weather stays the same for days. The weather does not change from day to day at the tropics and poles because they have the same type of air mass all year round. Conclusion: In conclusion, although many factors affect Britain some are more imporant than others. Like the direction in which the suns ray hit the earth (equator). How far away a place is from the equator (latitude) the height above sea level (altitude), the distance from the sea, the direction the winds come from and the ocean currents. But all of these are based on one major factor which I didn't mention the SUN. How the sun affects us is affected by the rotation of the earth, latitude and cloud cover. Cloud cover is affected by the wind, another important factor, and the wind is affected by what it has passed over and altitude. Mountains redirect wind or force it up to form clouds if the wind has passed over a warm sea it will warm and wet, and if it has passed over a cold land mass it will be cold and dry. The sea have a huge impact on the land masses. Minor factors such as how built up a place is can have a big impact but in small areas, and lastly the ocean currents also is realted to which sea it came from then where about the sea is(maybe near the equator). So the sun to me is main factor which affects all climste including Britain's but Britains climate is more or less linked with the factor; the distance from the sea which is as I mentioned before is realated to the sun in all ways. Where we live in britain (england) the temprature in winter is not much less than 0à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and in summer not much higher than 32à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C in the summer. Also the weather her is damp and there may be lots of sudden changes. Rain is fairly well distributed throughout the year, with February to march being the driest period and October to January the wettest. The Lake District is England's wettest region, receiving and average of 130 inches (330 centimetres) of precipitation( different forms of water falling from the sky) each year.

Identification of the Impact of Cultural Diversity

CURTIN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF HUMANITIES (DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT) appellation OF THE IMPACT OF HOFSTEDES CROSS-CULTURAL DIMENSIONS ON THE DETERMINANTS OF PROJECT SUCCESS AMONG MANAGERS IN undercover SECTOR ORGANIZATIONS IN MIRI, SARAWAK, MALAYSIA Uyi Rapheal Edomwandagbon 7e0b8198/14 Mitrabinda Singh gesture thesis causeed as a p let loosesh be of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER OF experience ( undertaking attention) June 2012 Acknow guidegement My most sincere give thanks and gratitude goes to my supervisor, Mrs.Mitrabinda Singh for her consistence patience, valu qualified advice and guidance passim this closing year visit in all(prenominal) aspect. In addition, I would standardized to express my greatest gratitude to on the whole the lecturers in Curtin University who at angiotensin converting enzyme era or the other(a) turn in been at that place for me through pop aside the duration of this Master of Science in cat Mana gement course. I would excessively like to say a fussy thanks to all my course dyad and seniors for their contri simplyions and support in the writing of this query.Last sightly now non least(prenominal), I would like to thank all of my family nigh(prenominal) here and keystone home for giving me this opportunity, Ik and Mathilda for their unrelenting causal agency in supporting me and Manami for her encouragements and love. Abstract The search wayes on identifying the primal impingement of Hofstedes grade-ethnical places on forecast succeeder among buck cliquish orbit presidential name in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia. ethnical difference is predominantly existent in most of todays mystic vault of heaven organisations b atomic number 18ly the con shopping centremation has been greatly over visited.Following the convey of the shoot a make egress of questions has been haggard which the inquiry aims to answer and an in-depth summary of away writingss an d studies has been conducted and employ for the train of the primal query and a number of hypotheses countenance been drawn for testing this battlefield. First, an identification of the factors indispensable for fox winner was do, followed by an outline of ethnical proportions unquestionable by Geert Hofstede (1984).The center of each of the marks in relation to organisations supremacy factors was place and these were utilize to develop a correlation amid the heathen symmetrys and rove supremacy. The investigate paper shall be conducted at bottom selected strata of 20 clandestine domain organisation in Miri with unaccompanied the music directors as plane sectionicipants, employing a three-figure tone-beginning using a set of questionnaire containing questions with 5-point likert scale and a demographic section of move over and close-ended questions distri saveed among managers in esoteric domain organisations set in Miri, Sarawak.The resulting f indings and refinement shall help in testing this family and admit substantial evidence on if cross- heathen differences in underground heavens organisations kick in to the triumph of labor movement in clandestine sector organisations located around Miri, Malaysia. The alliance as evaluated by Tukiainen et al. (2004) and (Matveev and Milter 2004) is that the multiform concourse of managers coming from diametrical nations devote dismantle visualize supremacy and according to Higgs(1996) the heterogeneous convention get vantages to get uplifted(prenominal)(prenominal) send mastery than the like chemical theme.The solid crowd here is the congregation of managers who argon Malayans from Miri cliquish sector transcriptions. To analyse the sort differences an self-supporting type T-test is conducted. Multiple arrested developments squander been conducted to test the hypotheses. knock back of Contents Chapter 11 1. 1INTRODUCTION1 1. 2BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY2 1. 3 paradox financial statement3 1. 4enquiry OBJECTIVES5 1. 5 plumping(a) DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS5 1. 6methodological abstract7 1. 7STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT8 Chapter 29 2. 1INTRODUCTION9 2. 2 fellow tactile propertying PROJECT SUCCESS9 2. 2. 1Measuring forge conquest10 2. 3CULTURAL DIFFERENCES13 . 3. 1Understanding Culture and ethnical deviation13 2. 3. 2Hofstedes heathen Dimensions surmise14 2. 3. 3The Effect of heathenish Difference on draw Success16 2. 4HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT19 2. 5CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND HYPOTHESIS25 Chapter 326 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY26 3. 1INTRODUCTION26 3. 1. 1 exertion of guide26 3. 1. 2Objectives of the seek27 3. 1. 3 sense modality of enquiry27 3. 2FORMULATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM28 3. 3 conceptualization OF A RESEARCH DESIGN28 3. 4CONSTRUCTING AN INSTRUMENT FOR info COLLECTION29 3. 5SELECTING A SAMPLE31 3. 6WRITING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL33 3. 7DATA COLLECTION34 . 8PROCESSING AND DISPLAYING THE DATA34 3. 9WRITING A RESEARCH REPORT3 5 3. 10RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT36 Chapter 437 ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH37 4. 1INTRODUCTION37 4. 2DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS37 4. 2. 1 family visibility (Dem1)38 4. 2. 2 get a coarse of employees in organisations (Dem2)39 4. 2. 3Employee Nationality (Dem3)39 4. 2. 4Number of Diverse employees in participating Organisations (Dem11)40 4. 2. 5General lyric poem of talk in Organisations (Dem12)41 4. 2. 6Employee science of heathen mutation issues (Dem13)42 4. 3PROFILE OF RESPONDENTS44 4. 3. 1Age of the answerings (Dem5)45 4. 3. Gender (Dem4)45 4. 3. 3 pedagogy level of participants (Dem6)46 4. 3. 4 antic Profile (Dem7-Dem10)47 4. 3. 5Years in current position (Dem10)48 4. 4SECTION 2 PROJECT SUCCESS FACTORS (Q1-33)49 4. 4. 1Perception of Time, Cost and tone of voice as meters of Project Success50 4. 4. 2Percentage of Effective ag free radical cognitive attend to51 4. 4. 3Percentage check focusing operate lineament53 4. 4. 4Percentage satisfies organisational cultivation an d purpose55 4. 4. 5Percentage scholarship on benefits to indorseholders, Users and clients56 4. 4. 6Percentage efficient engagement watchfulness57 4. 4. 7Percentage benefit to organisation59 4. SECTION C knowl demonstrate OF EMPLOYEES ON CULTURAL DIVERSITY DIMENSIONS (CulD 1-25)61 4. 5. 1I take hold that top executive and authority is be distributed evenly among employees in my organisation. 61 4. 5. 2I pair that a certain level of position moldinessiness be exercised to go out that aggroup accomplishs or employees argon dedicated to their bunk out in my organisation (CulD2)62 4. 5. 3I allow my employees to question me or top wariness when in variability with throw or work related issues in my org. (CulD3)62 4. 5. 4I book with the mastery that my employees must adhere to my organisations rules even if it jeopardizes our organisational purposes. CulD4)63 4. 5. 5I check up on with the statement that employee surveillance in my organisation is morose (CulD5) 64 4. 5. 6I odor I accept adequate time for my family and occult carriage out-of-door my workplace CulD665 4. 5. 7I checker that my employee appraisal is merited for doing a safe line of work at my organisation. CulD765 4. 5. 8I agree that an employee with the bullockyest say wins in matters of contests or arguments in my organisation. CulD866 4. 5. 9I like to help others as much as I disregard. CulD967 4. 5. 10I agree to the statement that working(a)(a) is the just now essence of livelihood. (CulD10)67 4. . 11I whatevertimes receive complaints from my employees virtually be stressed by work load. CulD1168 4. 5. 12I agree that my organisations rules must be strictly obeyed by my employees at all times. CulD1269 4. 5. 13I agree that time is most valuable to my employees when treatment tasks. CulD1369 4. 5. 14I agree with the statement that uncertainties and risks be normal features of life. CulD1470 4. 5. 15I recall that simple tasks should be dole outd first in advance others. CulD1571 4. 5. 16I allow the constituent of my employees in decisiveness fashioning in my organisations. CulD1671 4. 5. 7I agree that hiring and furtherance closings in my organisations in my organisations should be base on their performance and organisational rules only. CulD1772 4. 5. 18I pack a sense of personal topicment when I accomplish repugn tasks at my organisation73 4. 5. 19I reckon that my employees always follow group do endings even if their personal convictions ar against it. CulD1973 4. 5. 20I brace employees who ecumenically prefer to work on their own without their group co execution (CulD20)74 4. 5. 21I confide that my organisations aspirations is topper calculated by the incoming getments than the present touchments (CulD21)75 . 5. 22I agree that employee rewards and appraisals should non be ground only on their performance (CulD22)75 4. 5. 23I believe that rules should be broken in fellowship to achieve vicissitude76 4 . 5. 24I agree that allegiance to my clients and stake holders is measurable in maintaining my kind with them CulD2477 4. 5. 25I agree with the statement that my employees place their meal time and breaks even when pressed by challenging tasks (CulD25)77 4. 6FURTHER ANALYSIS78 4. 6. 1Reliability Test78 4. 6. 2Factor epitome79 4. 6. 3 correlational statistics Analysis81 4. 6. 3. 1Assumptions for correlationError Bookmark non define. 4. 6. Test of guess (H1a H1e)82 4. 6. 4. 1Multiple Regression Analysis83 4. 6. 4. 2Assumptions checking for regression psycho digest84 4. 6. 4. 3H1 All the Hofstedes pagan ratios relates to Project Success among managers of private sector organizations in Miri90 4. 6. 4. 4H1a on that point is a family consanguinity in the midst of former blank in managers (in private sector organizations) in Miri and de stipulationinants of labor achievement. 91 4. 6. 4. 5H1b There is a affinity amidst the Societal fabianism (Individualistic/ left-w inger) attribute of managers (in private sector organizations) in Miri and de bourneinants of jut achiever. 91 4. 6. 4. H1c There is a affinity mingled with gender preeminence of social set (Masculinity/Femininity) among managers (in private sector organizations) in Miri and de terminal figureinants of fancy advantage. 91 4. 6. 4. 7H1d There is a alliance mingled with hesitation quashance or the caution of unknowns among managers (in private sector organizations) in Miri and decisives of drop victory. 92 4. 6. 4. 8H1e There is a race among longsighted term orientation for coating accomplishment among managers (in private sector organizations) in Miri and determinants of check achiever. 92 4. 6. 5Test Of Hypothesis (H2) free-lance samplings Test93Chapter 594 Recommendation and Conclusions94 5. 1Conclusion95 5. 1. 1 appointment of the preserve of Hofstede pagan place on determinants of bulge mastery among managers in private sector organizations in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia. 95 5. 1. 2Hofstedes ethnic belongingss and advise mastery96 5. 1. 3The appointment of whether heterogeneous group of managers coming from distinguishable nations get blueer envision winner than the homogeneous groups. 97 5. 1. 4Conclusions relating to the main aim of the study97 5. 1. 5Value of the question98 5. 2Recommendations for future search98 References99 accessory A104 Appendix C105 Appendix C110Appendix D111 Appendix E113 List of excogitations invention 2. 1Research systeml25 move into 4. 1 Company profile38 picture 4. 2 No of Employees in organisations39 embodiment 4. 3 Nationality of responders40 icon 4. 4 Number of Diverse employees in participating40 invent 4. 5 Number of divers(a) staffs in organisation41 insure 4. 6 respondent vocabulary of communication in organisation41 picture 4. 7 Language of communication42 see 4. 8 Do you heart your organisation has no ending chores43 inning 4. 9 Do you feel these issues do non happen upon your organisation43 bode 4. 10 Does your organisation phthisis up plans to handle issues in their organisations43 blueprint 4. 11 Do you feel these issues do non affect organisational objectives44 Figure 4. 12 actor Age45 Figure 4. 13 Participant Gender46 Figure 4. 14 Education level of responsives46 Figure 4. 15 Job position of Respondents47 Figure 4. 16 Participant work history47 Figure 4. 17 Number of years of Respondents have worked in their organisations48 Figure 4. 18 Number of years working in same position49 Figure 4. 19 ostracise map of answerer solvent on heathen potpourri (Culd 1)61 Figure 4. 20 head off map of respondent response on ethnic transmutation (CulD 2)62 Figure 4. 1 finish graph of respondent reply on ethnical re immatureal (CulD 3)63 Figure 4. 22 parapet chart of respondent solvent on heathen conversion (CulD 4)64 Figure 4. 23 jam chart of respondent reaction on heathenish potpourri (CulD 5)64 Figure 4. 24 termin ate chart of respondent response on heathenish assortedness (CulD 6)65 Figure 4. 25 Bar chart of respondent response on ethnical revolution (CulD 7)66 Figure 4. 26 Bar chart of respondent response on heathen Diversity (CulD 8)66 Figure 4. 27 Bar chart of respondent response on heathenish Diversity (CulD 9)67 Figure 4. 28 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 10)68 Figure 4. 9 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 11)68 Figure 4. 30 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 12)69 Figure 4. 31 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 13)70 Figure 4. 32 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 14)70 Figure 4. 33 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 15)71 Figure 4. 34 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 16)72 Figure 4. 35 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 17)72 Figure 4. 36 Bar chart of respondent respo nse on Cultural Diversity (CulD 18)73Figure 4. 37 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 19)74 Figure 4. 38 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 20)74 Figure 4. 39 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 21)75 Figure 4. 40 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 22)76 Figure 4. 41 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 23)77 Figure 4. 42 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 24)77 Figure 4. 43 Bar chart of respondent response on Cultural Diversity (CulD 25)78 Figure 4. 44 Scatter plot for PS and HCD81 Figure 4. 5 Scatterplot85 Figure 4. 46 Histogram85 Figure 4. 47 scatterplot of standardised residual against military group distance86 Figure 4. 48 Histogram for assumptions testing88 List of remands markpone 1. 1 coordinate of the explore8 put over 2. 1 Five ethnic ratios as referred by Hofstede (2005) and attributes drawn from the lit17 tabul ar array 3. 2 label/ decimal point Generation From Literature To Measure Project Success (DV)30 Table 3. 3 Coding/item generation from writings to measure Cultural Diversity(IDV)30 Table 3. 4 participate Organizations (Coded)33 Table 4. 1 Respondent perception of Time, Cost and Quality50Table 4. 2 Employee perception of trenchant squad performance51 Table 4. 3 Respondent perception on regard charge sue quality53 Table 4. 4 Respondent perception on occupying organisational goal and purpose55 Table 4. 5 Employee perception on benefits to client, stakeholders and substance abusers56 Table 4. 6 Respondent perception on efficient infringe wariness58 Table 4. 7 Respondent percentage on benefit to organisational60 Table 4. 8 Cronbach alpha for jut out advantage (PS)78 Table 4. 9 Cronbach Alpha for Cultural Diversity (CulD)78 Table 4. 10 Factor digest for bulge out achiever80Table 4. 11 Factor analysis for Cultural mutation80 Table 4. 12 Pearson correlation of uncertains82 Table 4. 13 Correlation statistics82 Table 4. 14 Descriptive statistics of correlation81 Table 4. 15 ANOVA88 Table 4. 16 Model summary89 Table 4. 17 coefficients knock back89 Table 4. 19 Independent Sample Test93 1. 0 INTRODUCTION A divers(a) workforce, built of so more than(prenominal) race of distinguishable oscillo mountain chains has a spirited contribution to how organisational objectives and goals ar achieved due to the functionalness of a mix of pile with completely divers(prenominal) intellectual, emotions, thinking and attitudes.But does this affect the conquest of stick outs executed in these organizations? Thus, an accord of the conflict of antithetical pagan balances is perfumeive in identifying how organizations with ethnic diverse employees attain successes in determine underinterpreted in their organizations and knowledge of whether the differences in finish or nationality have a plus or negative effect on their organisational success is important.The change magnitude globoseization trend today is united with surge for the extremity of skilled cut into and has seen the global migration of spate from e truly part of the world to assorted countries creating a network of organizations with so many heathen diverse employees working in concert in the same organizations. The invasion of the heathen differences is fast bonnie the focus of so many enquiryes as it melt downs to have a descent with how organizations employing heathenish diverse staff function.This explore explores the relationship between the hale known cross ethnical theory of Hofstede and the determinants of leap out success conclusions among cloak-and-dagger sector organizations in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia with an emphasis on Private workplace employee relationship and interaction and how the differences of their civilisation helps or stands as a rampart in their realisation of their goals and objectives.BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Th e differences that atomic number 18 inherent in spate much(prenominal) as their dressing, religion, languages and doingss in their golf-club and organizations determine and shows how this differences in people is related to the way they interact with their surround, environment in this context refers not only to their physical environment but in addition to the people they have to crapper as they go along with their everyday life.Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia is located on the eastern part of Malaysia with a creation of about 300,000 people of the 25,581 try Malaysia population (Salleh 2007), consisting of Iban, Chinese, Malays, Berawan, Lumbawang, Malanau, Indian, Kayan, Kenyah, Kelabit, Bidayuh, Penan and other non-indigenous groups such(prenominal) as atomic number 63ans, Arabs and Afri enkindles etc. f different diverse emphasizes and religions and this line of battle of people be the boilersuit make up of most of the Private sector workforce located here. The refer of these diverse work forces of people is sometimes overlooked and ignored which disposes to undeniably affect how managers and employees relate with their counterparts of different cultures. This has an effect on workplace relationship mass be a limiting or bestow factor to how their organizational goals be achieved on the long run.However, thither have been a lot of queryes carried out on ethnical smorgasbord among manager and on organizational themes, but the true impact of its effectuate on these organizations performance is quite peculiar(a) to a wider sphere of cross- sylvan organizations and not attributed to places such as Miri. Just as a the faction of different sounds formulate music(good) or noise(bad), so does a combination of people of different diverse background could as well have results that could be affirmative or negative in organizations.PROBLEM STATEMENT During a formal peer coaching transaction session with some colleagues of different cultures, it was penuryon to recognize the effect that working in Malaysia with others of diverse backgrounds had on diverse employees in carrying out their daily work, in other words, general job ecstasy and if this prognosiss could be sh atomic number 18d by others of different cultures working in identical multi cultures environments.Were they mostly quelled with their jobs or ar they just thither working to get their daily cabbage. A study of the effects of heathen kind on a pronounce Russian and British task showed that in that respect is a relevance of pagan differences to image success and that it could affect the output of the come out (Murray-Webster and Simon 2004).Their analysis of the catch led to the breakthrough that although all factors that ar necessary for the success of the switch were in place, thither was an underestimate of how diverse teams could guarantee the success of that project and that it is appropriate that organisations conducting projects sh ould have relevant ground of the differences in work behaviour and unmarriedistic preferences of the diverse project teams.Success of projects in organizations has been attributed to the world of a comfortable work environment that encourages a workforce where employees feel authorize to exert maximum efforts that enable job satisfaction and comfort, with the ability to be able to deal with uncertainties that may arise. This as well as puts a stress on the organizations managers and insists that manager should be able to prepare an atmosphere were goals are clearly nders withald and employee participation is advanced (Belassi 2007). Kendra (2004) attributes that in that location is a high rate of visitation in projects in organizations which was due to factors such as unforesightful working relationships between employees, lack of trust among team portions and proposes that the sizeableness of organizations advance of a shared heathen value could help in change their project success rate.Kendras suggestions were ground on organizational culture but on an private level of analysis (were heathen innovation is less sight from) could be related and the impact could be seen from a much expanded sensible horizon as these refers to groups of people with different backgrounds and consciousness ground on their cultures.Following Geert Hofstede (2005) in showing the way countries react to different cultures, there are some outstanding views on the application and adaption of the 5 dimensions of Hofstede on the radix that, although, it was correct, it seemed to be base on just Hofstede assumptions using only country value and it has to be seen from other perspectives which they broke dash off to be separate, organizational and country (Kirkman, mortifiede, and Gibson 2006).An analysis of the item-by-item level of ethnical mixed bag would help in justifying this statement and hence this research shall be aimed at the individual and organiz ational level of cultural diversity with managers as our focal point. The giveingness of employees to accept and give way to the issues from difference in culture has a high impact in organizational success. mployees in cultural diverse organizations should have an reasonableness of their culturally diverse counterparts as it helps to improve their team efficiency and communication which are essential to induce success in the organization, thus cultural differences should not be ignored but apprehended and welcomed in cultural diverse organizations, in other to attain their organizational goal and objectives (Frey-Ridgway 1997).In other to achieve favorable effects by organizations, it is necessary to assume differences in people in an individual sphere and not in the family of culture ground differences that is finish with a comfortable work atmosphere portraying equality between people (Day 2007), with an judgement and respect for the individual differences that are in herent in people and embedded in the organizations everyday processes (Magdaleno and Kleiner 1993).In the Malaysian context, the Malaysian employee is verbalise to be collectivisedic by nature, and are more open to their local subordinates than an outsider or outsider in their workplace, but does this have an impact on their culturally diverse counterparts in the same workplace. Nelson and Quick suggests, the Malaysian culture is state-controlled in nature but only a section or department of these people (Nelson and Quick 1997). The question arises here is are managers from Miri private organizations have the same value for Hofstedes cultural dimensions? RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThis research aims at identifying how Hofstedes cultural dimensions in Private sectors of organizations in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia affects the determinants of project success and the main objectives of this research are as shown at a refuse place * Identification of the Impact of Hofstedes Cultural Dimens ions on determinants of Project Success among Managers in Private Sector Organizations in Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia * Whether heterogeneous group of managers coming from different nations get higher project success than the homogeneous group from Miri private sector organizations.The objectives pull up stakes be achieved by doing a study on Managers from Miri private sector organization, which at least employ 2 managers from different nationalities. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS The following harm are associated with this research, Hofstedes cultural dimensions, project, project focal point process, project success, intercultural communication. A appropriate definition of these terms would provide a better understanding in the research. Hofstedes Cultural DimensionsHofstedes cultural dimensions developed (1980-2001) as a measure of culture is the dominant metric of culture as it closely relates to many cultural attributes from many different countries. This study al so had use the largest sample for an empirical study on employees of IBM with employees belonging to 66 countries. This study helped to a large intent in bridging the feast between two different/ unlike cultures (Yoo, Donthu, and Lenartowicz 2011). The quintette different dimensions are Power remoteness, distrust dodge, collectivism, tenacious-Term taste, and Masculinity.The last dimension was interpreted from Confucian work zing (Yoo, Donthu, and Lenartowicz 2011). Culture defines an individual in terms of distinction of people from another group (Kelley and Fitzsimons 1999). (Gomez-Mejia and Palich 1997) suggests that to measure differences in culture we need to calculate the cultural similitude indicators. The five dimensions of Hofstede in this study pull up stakes be taken as the cultural similarity indicators. Cultural Difference The cultural differences refers to the individual differences in the cultures of people living together in a common society.By neglecting cultural differences and the refusal for its word sense has been a line of work and as Garcia (2011) suggests in her study of the long non- word sense or cognizance of cultural diversity in Europe and how it stands as a problem to the new Europe and the need for an understanding and educational activity on the issues of cultural diversity for promotion to individuals of the future so as to groom an early awareness of it. The cultural difference in this study is identified from the nationality of the participants (managers from private sector organizations). Project SuccessProject success shtup be tell to have been achieved when a project is completed with all objectives and goals be fulfilled. Defining project success evoke be in different ways, for software developers it could be on-time tar, for fancyers it could be custody of a design, for a project manager it could be on-time, budget completion that meets the unavoidable quality of the output. Project success in th is research is beingness defined by success factors which serve as characteristics by which the objectives of the project undersurface be said to have been fortunate completed.These factors use in this research as a delimitate measure of success for projects are, time, constitute, budget, efficiency of the project teams, conflict trouble and project trouble process, ability to satisfy the organizations goals, finally, benefits to stakeholder, clients and users. Project A project can be defined as any endeavor that has been undertaken to achieve a goal (Project Management get 2004). Project Management process A process is a set of co-ordinated activities and actions performed to achieve a predefined result.Project direction processes are activities that are taken to achieve a project objective. The project counseling process quality as utilize in this research refers to the dominance of the project circumspection process in the effectuation of the project. METHODOLOGY T he study was carried out following the border on as suggested by Kumar (Kumar 2005) listed to a lower place * arise research problem * Compile publications freshen up * Develop the project schedule * Establish a research design * Collect and Analyze and process the entropy Suggestions and improvements * Establish research conclusions * Finalize news report STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT The report comprises of 5 chapters and is structured in table (Table 1. 1) below Table 1 . 1 Structure of the research Chapters Description Chapter 1. 0 existence This chapter gives us an overview of the report and introduces us to the background of the research, aims and objectives of study and operational definitions of the terms use in the research. Chapter 2. Literature Review This chapter consists of critical reviews of available literatures on project success and Hofstede cultural dimensions. Chapter 3. 0 Research Methodology This gives an nous of the overall research process while. It g ives us a summary of how the research entrust be undertaken including the research design, literature review, population and sample, data collection instruments and process. Chapter 4. 0 Analysis of Research This chapter presents a detailed analysis of the study based on findings in addressing our aims and objectives and answering our research question Chapter 5. Recommendations and Conclusions This chapter gives a summary of the findings in the research study and addresses the value of the research with recommendations for future researches 1. 0 INTRODUCTION This research shall be set up using guidance studies and articles from early(prenominal) researches by Authors with a focus on Cultural Diversity and Project Success, the identification of former(prenominal) findings in the study of cultural diversity and project success and an exploration of how these findings are related and contribute to this study.Subsequently a look into the main aims of project circumspection in ac complishing project in spite of appearance the confines of time, cost and quality, trouble responsibilities as well as the contribution to achieving organizational project success. UNDERSTANDING PROJECT SUCCESS The Project Management Institute defines a project as a irregular endeavour undertaken to create a unique reaping, service or result (Project Management Institute 2004). From this definition, it can be clearly seen that the word temporary manner that it has an end time or duration and being unique means that it has an expected level of requirement or quality.The goal of every project is to be completed within the confines of time, cost and quality and a also-ran in any of these factors usually has a comparative effect on the others and can de-escalate the overall goal of that project. For a project to be successful, an understanding of the project objectives and scope by the project team is essential. Recognising the tangible inescapably of the client and satisfying those needs is what actually counts in saying the project was completed successfully, and these all depends on the trinity factors of the project completion in time, within the budget and with the required quality maintained.Although, it is inarguable about the Time, Cost and Quality factors for projects success, Dennis mesh suggests that the success of a project, though judged from these trine objectives depends on some other factors and actions undertaken during the project and certain of these factors relate directly to employees in the organizations, such as a strong support for the project and its manager from higher management, sound organizational quality culture, good project communication, well motivated staffs and a quick and fair resolution of conflict (Lock 2007).These views of other related factors that contribute to project success are submissive to the bill of project success and a project that is successful can be later on tagged as successful if these factor s are met. Measuring project success In the determination of project success, it is essential to establish how we define it. The most common metre of project success is by the measures of the success factors and the critical success criterias. From previous studies there is an undeniable difference between both terms. uccess factors are said to be measures that are put in place to ensure that the project becomes successful i. e. what must be done right to achieve the project success, while the success criteria are the indicators or benchmarks that are utilize to refer to a project as being successful (Cooke-Davies 2002), in other words, what has been achieved in the project that allows us to say that project has been successful. Basing the quantity of project success as employ in this research is based on the simplicity in understanding it as they can easily be recognise and applied.There are so many factors that can be utilise to define project success (Prabhakar 2008) and t hese project success factors are industry dependent, thus there is a contrast in beat the success of an IT project, a twisting project or projects from other industries. A brief literature on the factors for measurement of projects from trio industries will help to provide a confederation between these factors or a general success factor for these project completions.For this purpose a look at the factors use in measuring rod project success from these industries, the saying industry, IT industry and a mankind Bank project. Chan (2001) developed a exemplar which he apply for measuring construction projects, and he suggests that the success of a construction project can be metrical by factors beyond the project management goals of time, cost and quality. Construction projects are different from other types of projects in the way they are taken and rely on different processes that might not be probative in other industries projects such as the IT or software development pro jects.Factors such as safety might not be important in describing a software development project success as it doesnt have to deal with the use of equipments or machineries that are raging and although they could be considered but their impacts are too minimal to really have an impact. Baccarini (2004) suggests that project success is dependent on criterias based on two voices which he called yield success and project management success. He discussed that project management success depended on the project processes and stresses the importance of stakeholders and a good managerial process being in place.Product success has to deal with the final product or output of the project and how it satisfies the purpose of execution. Both of the components identified by Baccarini consists of underlying criterias which he used for the measurement of project success which are quite similar to the same criterias used by other researchers and are listed below. Project management success compone nt * clashing time, cost and quality requirements Project management success component * Meeting time, cost and quality requirements * Project management process quality welcome stakeholder project management process expectations * Project management process quality * Satisfying stakeholder project management process expectations Product success components * Meeting project owners strategic organizational objectives (client) * Satisfying user needs * Satisfying stakeholder where they relate to the product (users/customers) Wateridge (1998) suggests that in the IT industries, project success can be measured by some factors which he discovered from studying other researchers work on project success measurements.His (Wateridge 1998) research led to his conclusion that IT projects success can be measured through the factors of Meeting user requirements, achieving purpose, meeting timescale, meeting budget, user satisfaction and quality. An analysis of World bank projects (Ika, Diallo , and Thuillier 2012) suggests that the failure rate of these projects in Africa was at about 50% until 200 and also that these failures can be attributed to managerial and organizational factors, including get around project design, stakeholder management, delays, budget and in execution coordination.The findings from the study suggested that project success criterias that are strong in accomplishing success in these projects can be said to be in the measures of Time, cost, clear objectives, countries, benefits, impacts, sustainability. Atkinsons studies (1999), on project success, have been wide used as a dumbfound by most researches in the measurement of project success. Atkinsons impersonate for measuring project success was draw outd from the primary project success measurement criteria of time, cost and quality and he accomplished his by dividing project into three stages, the delivery stage which was have-to doe with with the efficiency of the project management proces s measured by Time, Cost, Quality and efficiency of the project management process the post delivery stage which measured the product (resultant system), the product requirements and its benefits to stakeholders and another post delivery stage which measured the benefit and impacts to users and customers (Atkinson 1999). found on these arguments, a list of project success factors that can be used as effective measures of success in projects are listed below, * Time, cost and quality are essential for project success * Efficient team participation is necessary for project success * Efficient project management process helps in improving project success and establishing a clearer objective * Ability to satisfy the organisations goals and purpose * Benefits to the user * Benefits stakeholder * well(p) conflict management * benefits to the clientsCULTURAL DIFFERENCES Understanding Culture and Cultural Difference Edward Hall defines culture as the way of life of a people, the sum of the ir learned patterns, attitudes and material things (Hall 1980). Geert Hofstede (2005) defines culture as the collective programming of the listen which distinguishes the member of one group or category of people from another. Programming of the mind as proposed by Hofstede refers to the thinking patterns of every individual developed by their nurture through their lifetime.Following Hofstedes theories on cultural diversity, it can be inferred that there is an underlying impact on organizations and while some researchers argue that, cultural differences brings creativity and innovation into organizations, others seem to contend that it leads to complexities and indecisiveness. Explicably, these theories will be applied into this research to understand the office of cultural diversity in an organizational framework. The cultural differences refer to the individual differences in the cultures of people living together in a common society.By neglecting cultural differences and the re fusal for its acceptance has been a problem and as Garcia (2011) suggests in her study of the long non-acceptance or acknowledgment of cultural diversity in Europe and how it stands as a problem to the new Europe and the need for an understanding and education on the issues of cultural diversity for promotion to individuals of the future so as to cultivate an early awareness of it. Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions theory Hofstede 5 Cultural DimensionsGeert Hofstedes (2005) studies on cultural diversity helped in proposing a systematic framework for Identifying cultural diversity based of the different values of people which is known as the cultural dimension theories. His work on cultural diversity by breaking stamp out the different values into 5 dimensions by studying different cultures has been accepted by so many researchers in the study of cultural diversity and has become one of the focal points in the study of cultural diversity.Hofstedes cultural dimensions divided cultural d iversity by comparing values between countries and he observed that different countries had different cultural values which he grouped into Power distance Index, identity, Masculinity, suspense dodging and later on, Confucian muscularity or huge-term orientation. EXHIBIT-1 ____________________________________________________________________ Power distanceHofstedes (Hofstede and Hofstede 2005) power distance dimension explores the extent to which the less powerful members of an organization or institution within a country expect that power is distributed equally or unequally. This dimension stressed that individuals in a particular institution or organization in a country were not equal and points out the views of power holders in the country and the general acceptance by other less powerful members of the country. personal identity This dimension emphasizes the degree to which members of a society maintain interdependence among its members.Hofstede (2005) used the relationship of a society of being individual or collectivists by nature, individualist cultures tend to have the attribute of being self committed and are more bear on with their self values and also their quick families only. Collectivists on the other hand are more group oriented and members of the collectivist society are expected to be loyal to their groups. Loyalty in a collectivist society was important and overrides social rules and regulations. MasculinityThe masculine society is driven by competition, achievements and success with an emphasis on being on top, this dimension stresses the manliness of cultures and their dash in nerve-wracking to be the best. Collectivist societies on the other hand tend to demonstrate a leaning towards womanish values of caring for others and quality of life. This dimension clearly identifies societies and cultures with distinction between staminate and fe mannish roles in the society and stresses on sexual inequality between the male and female species of human beings (Hofstede and Hofstede 2005).Uncertainty Avoidance This dimension illustrates how a society accepts the unknown, Hofstede (2005) defines it as a the extent to which members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created institutions and beliefs that try to avoid these unknowns. Rules and norms are usually much forceful in societies with high uncertainty dodging rates and there is a t fallacy for taking risks. Time Orientation This dimension was adapted from the teachings of confusions and was meant to illustrate the rapid scotch development of some Asian countries.This dimension emphasizes on the societal values of having a long-term or short-term orientation, and this dimension stressed on how these orientation helps to achieve success using china and other Asian countries as a focus (Hofstede and Hofstede 2005). Organizations today usually call forth a long term orientation or short term orientation, long term orienta tion tends to work with the idea of future success and goals. ____________________________________________________________________ The Effect of Cultural Difference on Project SuccessCultural differences amongst team has been attributed with some negative outcomes such as conflicts, mistaking and poor performance (Matveev and Milter 2004). The study suggests that cultural diversity created problems in communication, coordination and control, team sprinkle within teams and further suggests that an intercultural competence model for use with multicultural teams depends on three components cultural knowledge, skills, and personality orientation.Cultural knowledge relates to the understanding of cultural diversity amongst teams and a recognition of cultural differences in communication styles and interaction, fostered by being skillful in understanding and communicating among cultural diverse members and their personal orientation towards accepting what is represented as culturally div erse, in other words, their reaction towards diverse cultured members based on their emotions and behaviors. Previous studies tend to show an co-occurrence to this understanding of the effect of the differences in cultural dimensions on Project success.Tukiainen et al. (2004) also affirms that cultural differences in project organisations produces creativity in problem solving but it also leads to problems of higher ambiguity and suspicion among members of global project teams. They also argue that cultural differences, in global projects, leads to problems in the outcome formulation of projects, project execution and outcome assessments, suggesting also that the existent of locus of power also affects the interaction between project teams. Table 2 . Five cultural dimensions as referred by Hofstede (2005) and attributes drawn from the literature Cultural Diversity proud Index blue Index Power Distance * high gear discipline within employees. * Poor employee-top management rela tionship. * Poor group decision make. * great awareness of their responsibilities. * Poor group supervision. Individualism (Low Individualism is usually collectivist). * Poor decision making based on individual judgment. * Low conflict identification. * Poor teams. * Good decision making due to greater creativity and innovation. * Emphasis on team work. * Better conflict resolution. * Good group relationship. * And interdependence. * nobleer job commitment. Uncertainty Avoidance * Low acceptance of innovative ideas. * Low creativity. * High Risk escape. * Better product quality. * Less ambiguity * Better precision in handling tasks. * Better job satisfaction. Masculinity (Low Masculine Index are Feminist) * Greater efficiency in handling task. Good productivity. * Better work relationship between employees. * Better decision making. * trim job stress. prospicient Term Orientation (Low major power are short term) * depute executions are based on attainable ideas. * Ad herence to customs duty * Persistency in achieving goals. Greater goal orientation. The effect of cultural diversity in teams can be seen from Higgs (1996) study based on 4 of the cultural dimensions of Hofstede. He suggests that each of the dimensions have underlying advantages.It was easier to see the impact of cultural differences through the identification of patterns in management styles and motivations and effective cultural diversity management is related to certain positive factors of team performance which he stated as a shared understanding and commitment to team goals and objectives, a clear understanding of team member roles and contribution, an understanding of the value of diversity and an effective pooling of knowledge and skills (Higgs 1996). The 5 Cultural dimensions and their nderlying characteristics are shown in table 2. 1. HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT H1 All the Hofstedes Cultural dimensions relates to Project Success among managers of private sector organizations in Miri The in a higher place conjecture is drawn based on the past findings of a relationship between Hofstedes cultural dimensions and its influence on managers and project success. Based on this guesswork a regression model has been generated to test the varying relationship between each of the 5 dimensions of Hofstede as shown below, Y= 0+1 X1t+2 X2t+ p X5t+et Where p= no. of independent variables and t= no. of respondents. A stratified regression analysis will be conducted based on the model below with the 5 cultural dimensions of Hofstede as predictors. PSt = 0+1 PD1t+2 IND2t+3 MAS3t+4 UA4t+5 OAS5t+et (Where PSt = Project Success, 0 is a constant (the intercept) that describes the value of PSt when all Xs are 0, PD = Power Distance, IND= Individualistic, MAS = Masculinity, UA = Uncertainty Avoidance, LTO = Long Term Orientation, t= no. Of respondents, et = demerit term)H1a There is a relationship between Power distance in managers (in private sector organizations) in Miri and determinants of project success. The to a higher place hypothesis is drawn from the following literature review In a project organization context, Power distance can be a negating or alter factor to how their project goals are accomplished that depends on how the relationship between subordinates of different organizational level such as managers and employees influence the achievement of their organizational goal.KObonyo and Dimba (2007) in his study of the impact of cultural diversity on human resource management in Kenya claimed that the impact of the Kenya high power distance exponent creates a barrier between managers and employees in which employees see themselves as different from managers, while the managers are opposed to allow the employees to engage in such things such as decision making. High power distance relates to the difference in equality between employees and top management which in turn affects how decisions are make in such organisations, decision making is not collective and the top management makes all the decisions.This emphasizes that in countries with a high power distance proponent, decision making is not a collective process and most decisions are usually taken by top management entirely without the employee involvement. Power distance is relational to poor employee-top management relationship, with decision making only done by top management. Uncertainty avoidance high dimension was attributed with the non acceptance of innovative ideas and behaviors and low job mobility, that is, employees were more satisfied with their current job situations (Kundu 2001).Another study on the effect of cultural diversity using Hofstedes first 4 dimensions was done on construction industries in Singapore and china (Pheng and Yuquan 2002). They suggested that low power distance is prone with less supervision of employees and decentralisation of task. High Power Distance was relevant and would have a similar effect on quality effectiveness in both high and low power distance cultures. (Kull and Wacker 2010) Higgs (1996) suggests that each of the dimensions have underlying advantages.Low power distance index in organisations tends to create awareness on employees responsibilities and a high power index creates discipline. H1b There is a relationship between the Societal Collectivism (Individualistic/Collectivist) attribute of managers (in private sector organizations) in Miri and determinants of project success. The supra hypothesis is drawn from the following literature review Individualism and collectivism illustrates the nature of relationships between peers in different countries.Individualism relates to countries in which there was a low relationship between individuals and is more centered on self while collectivism were countries that are more group oriented (Brewer and Sunil 2011) . Thus, it can be inferred that collectivism contributes to better decision making based on the collection of minds and the interper sonal relationship that exists between them. Kundu (2001) suggests that high individualism contributes to individual decision- making, while collectivist nations had less individual decision making.Vosedek (2007) researched into the effect of cultural diversity on outcomes of work group tasks based on the individualist and collectivist dimensions of Hofstede in relation to group and task conflicts. He (Vodosek 2007) suggests that when it comes to cultural diversity in organizations, three types of conflicts were present which he referred to as Relationship conflicts characterized by incompatibilities between members of culturally diverse organizations and having the attributes such as tension and annoyance.Task conflicts were characterized by group member inconsistencys based on the non acceptance of decisions, ideas and opinions and ultimately process conflict which was characterized by disagreement on how task should be done or handled. He also suggests that there was a general acceptance of opinions between people of the same group, than those of other satellite groups and aligns that the organizational outcomes where harder to actualize in culturally diverse groups due to problems in their process, errors in communication and perceived prejudice that is associated with cultural diverse groups.Cultural diversity from his studies was related to group satisfaction and indicates the way the group performed in handling tasks. KObonyo and Dimba (2007) also suggests that employees in collectivist nations were more involved with group decision makings due to the good relationship and closeness between employees but were very poor at top management appraisal to employees.Subsequently, Kokt (2003) in his studies of the impact of cultural diversity on team performance in south Africa, suggests that team brass was more negatively realistic in cultural diverse groups than culturally homogeneous groups and that the problems in cultural diverse teams was more based o n language, communication (Canen and Canen 1999) and the non recognition of the ability of cultural diverse individuals to be loyal to their groups but, that cultural diverse teams were also attributed with a better management of conflicts and assiduous more diverse ways in problem solving and creativity which was positive to organizational success.His findings also suggests that assertiveness which is an individualistic nature had a negative impact on quality effectiveness as it was characterised low group decision making and poor conflict identification. (Kull and Wacker 2010). Collectivists are generally more committed to their jobs (Higgs 1996). H1c There is a relationship between gender distinction of social values (Masculinity/Femininity) among managers (in private sector organizations) in Miri and determinants of project success. The above hypothesis is drawn from the following literature reviewHiggs (1996) suggested that while masculine dimension tends to promote efficien cy and increased productivity, feminine dimension tends to personal service and custom building. The view of cultural diversity as an edge to gaining competitive advantage by organizations is important in achieving organizational goals. Feminine dimension tends to contribute to better job satisfaction with organizations of countries of high index as it stresses more on interdependence between employees and decreased stress (Brewer and Sunil 2011).Low masculinity dimension countries had a good decision making process and lower job stress, while High masculinity cultures had a higher work performance KObonyo and Dimba (2007). H1d There is a relationship between uncertainty avoidance or the fear of unknowns among managers (in private sector organizations) in Miri and determinants of project success. The above hypothesis is drawn from the following literature review A low uncertainty index is associated with lesser ambiguity and lesser fear of tasking risks, with a staff who were less manque (Pheng and Yuquan 2002).Uncertainty avoidance dimension is effective in improving quality as cultures with high uncertainty avoidance index are more aware of their process controls and ensured the use of quality standards based on the foreign organisations for standardization (Kull and Wacker 2010). Higgs (1996) found out that high and low uncertainty avoidance creates lower innovation and precision respectively. H1e There is a relationship between Long term orientation for goal accomplishment among managers (in private sector organizations) in Miri and determinants of project success.The above hypothesis is drawn from the following literature review An important factor associated with project success is Quality which depends on an effective quality management system. Study of (Kull and Wacker 2010) on quality management in Asia based on the Globe dimensions which are adapted from Hofstedes dimensions suggests that future orientation (Hofstede Long term short term orientati on) is not significant in improving quality, though, short term orientation are more goal oriented while long term orientation depended on past ideas which are more attainable.The long term orientation is being used in this correlation but it was not used in Hofstedes research on Malaysia and so there is no score available for the dimension in Malaysia, but can be significant if we derive any result for this particular cultural dimension.Hofstede (2005) in his study suggested that this dimension in workplaces had an emphasis on family values, in which these organizations where seen as closely knit families with attributes such as having a sense of thrift (saving for future), dishonour (fear of losing face which breeds commitments in Long term orientation), persistence in achieving goals and respect for tradition (sticking to handed-down rules that could impede innovation). H2 There is a group difference between Malaysian and non-Malaysian managers (in private sector organizations ) in Miri and determinants of project success.This hypothesis is developed to find out the inherent difference that exists between Malaysian Managers and Non-Malayasian managers in Miri in actualizing their project success based on this question, Do Malaysian managers get better project success than non-malaysian managers?. Appendix B shows an illustration of the past studies and the possible relationship between Hofstedes cultural dimensions at workplace and the project success. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND HYPOTHESIS H1c Project success Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions, (Power distance, societal collectivism, Gender Differentiation, Uncertainty Avoidance and Long term orientation)Power distance Individualism/Collectivism Masculinity/Feminism Uncertainty avoidance Independent Variables Dependent Variable Long term orientation H1a H1b H1d H1e H1 Nationality (Malaysian/Non-Malaysian) H2 Figure 2 . 1Research Model Figure 2. 1 shows the conceptual framework above shows the relationship betwe en the dependent variable and independent variables. The development of hypotheses is directed at answering the research questions and to investigate the relationship between Hofstedes cultural dimensions and determinants of project success. * RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1. 0 INTRODUCTIONKumar (2005) suggests that a research project type is categorized based on three perspectives, which he listed as, * Application of the study * Objectives of the study * Mode of enquiry used in conducting the study This research type has been classified based on this three perspectives and this suggestion is being applied to how this research has being undertaken. Application of study In view of what this research seeks to find out, the research study is an applied research, applied research involves the use of traditional research methods in the collection of education in other to find out or enhance a phenomenon.Objectives of the research The research is a correlation research. Correlation research is d one to discover a relationship between two or more aspects of a situation (Kumar 2005). Thus, this research is deemed to be correlation because it seeks to explore the relationship which Hofstedes cultural dimensions have on project success among managers in Miri. Stangor (2010) suggests that an advantage of a correlation research is that it can be used in assessing behavior as it occurs in peoples everyday life by measuring the research variables and trying to find the linking relationship between the variables. Mode of enquiryThis research employs a structured approach to how it is undertaken. A structured approach involves a research in which all the research process is predetermined. This research employs the use of decimal research methods for data collection. A content analysis has been carried out to define the constructs and variables that will be used in creating the questionnaires for the quantitative analysis. (Hseih and Shannon) suggests 3 approaches of qualitative cont ent analysis namely conventional, directed, or summative. We have used directed approach which starts with a theory or relevant research findings as guidance for initial codes.Due to time modesty the other two approaches cannot be taken which may have more error free coding. The justification for the use of quantitative method is based on the sample collection method, which involves the use of a set of self completion questionnaires aimed at measuring project success and identifying the different active dimensions of cultural diversity. The research process used is based on research guidelines and operation steps as suggested by kumar (2005), as listed below * Formulate research problem * Conceptualization of a research design * Constructing an instrument for data collection * Selecting a sample Writing a research proposal * Collecting data * touch data * Writing a research report FORMULATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM The research was formulated based on the notion to identify an under standing on how cultural diversity can be used as a determinant of how success in projects is achieved in organisations with cross-cultural employees of different diverse background. The cultural dimensions of Hofstede has been used in the identification of different cultural characteristics that are inherent in employees and these has been used as an underlying construct in investigating how it affects project success in these organisations.Kumar (2005) suggests that a main function of formulating a research problem is to decide what you want to find out in the research. CONCEPTUALIZATION OF A RESEARCH DESIGN A research design helps to provide a workable and doable detail on how a research question will be answered. It involves detailed information on the how, when and where a research is going to be carried out. An in-depth review of past literatures and studies concerned with a research is fundamental to creating a research design and a timeframe in which the research is going to be carried out is instrumental in establishing duration of the research.This research is carried out by identifying how managers in private sector organisations located in Miri view the impact of cultural diversity in their organisations on project success. The timeframe of this research is developed from the time-frame that was effrontery by the department for the completion of this research and is shown in Appendix A. Kumar suggests that a fundamental literature review helps to bring clearness and focus to the research problem, as well as improve the research methodology, stretch out the researcher knowledge on the research area and conceptualize the research