Ordering System Essay

Introduction In recent years, technology is evolving rapidly. The use of computers is mostly needed for business day-to-day operations, evidently in most institutions like grocery stores. Grocery stores are familiar to most people and located throughout the country, although their sizes and range of goods and services often vary. Stores in the grocery store industry primarily sell a range of food items, but may also sell some nonfood goods. Most grocery store employees work in a clean, well-lighted, and climate-controlled environment. However, work at times can become hectic, and dealing with customers can be stressful with the use of manual process. In this study, we want to develop a new system for Jewel and Nickel Grocery Store Order System that will help them to minimize the time in taking the orders of their costumers, minimize the time in computing the total amount of each transactions, and to lessen the errors and problems in taking the costumers order for more efficient and time effective process. JEWEL AND NICKEL GROCERY STORE starts in 1990 with a capital of one thousand pesos only. The owner starts their grocery store on their own. The name of the store comes from the owner`s siblings Jewel their son and Nickel their daughter. Jewel and Nickel Store is located at PritilBinangonan Rizal and they are open at eight in the morning until six in the evening. After 22 years of selling quality goods, their store is now much bigger and now they have their own passenger boat and a lotto outlet. MISSION †¢To sell quality goods and to earn at least 3% profit. VISSION †¢To satisfy their costumer and to make sure that our goods are all in good quality.

Logical vs. Psychological

1. Read the first three paragraphs of â€Å"white Women and Slavery in the Caribbean, (page 181, Blooming with the Pouis) and identify two(2) examples of appeal to ethos. First example of appeal to ethos is found in paragraph two(2) sentence three(3): To date the primary focus of research (and this is reflected in the structure of historiography) is the black woman, with the coloured woman running a competitive second, and the white woman trailing behind at a distance†. The second example of appeal to ethos is found in paragraph three (3) sentence three(3): â€Å"Studies of the rise and fall of the planter class in Caribbean societies, for instance, have not paid systematic attention to the planter’s wife as a socio-economic agent†. 2. Read the last three paragraphs of chapter 32 in Blooming with the Pouis and identify what you consider to be the use of emotional proof (pathos). What type of claim (policy, cause, fact, definition, value) does the writer begin with (Problem parents neglect†¦)? What I consider to be the use of emotional proof (pathos) is: â€Å"There are also reports of parents sending their daughters to work in night clubs as scantily dressed dancers in order to earn money for their families, their sons to ‘hustle’ in the streets, and of fathers who feel that it is their ‘right’ to demand sexual intercourse from their daughters because they had undertaken the responsibility of their upbringing†. The type of claim is cause: â€Å"Problem parents neglect and abuse their children, often with serious consequences†.

Mcarthur Vitamin D Milk Essay

A. 1. McArthur Farm Grove is located in the Port Saint Lucie, South Florida where the climate is tropical with regular rainfall, this causes the usual soil composition consisting of rock, sand and mud. Shapeflies terrain has been created in South Florida, helping farming situations. 2. McArthur farms consist of 8,500 cows, owned by a large corporate farm with a labor force of typical farm employees. 3. McArthur cows are fed waste milk, that contains little mastitis. In this case all bacteria needs to be killed so the cows will consume good milk. B. 1. McArthur Milk was first produced in 1929 by Neville McArthur who created his own dairy with the produce of his own 20 cows. Over time, from Vero Beach to the Florida Keys, Neville McArthur gained the trust and loyalty of many families. 2. McArthur Milk is very important to our region’s economy , being the leading brand of diary products in South Florida. Though McArthur milk plays a vital role in our economy, it is 3.Market for McArthur is not only in the United States but the Caribbean Islands and Central America. McArthur brand milk supplies to many major business such as Abaco Market, Publix, and Rams Supercenter just to name a few. C. 1. Tanker trucks are loaded with McArthur Milk to transport the milk while keeping it cool. Temperatures of the milk can not rise beyond 44 degrees F when checked or else the entire load of which the milk is in will be trashed. Trucks which transept the milk also have to be cleaned every 72 hours. A characteristic of pasteurizing the milk is use of the Calf Milk Pasteurizer, a device which brings the milk to a temperature of 162 degrees F then cools it. 2. The largest market for McArthur Milk is in South Florida. D. 1. The type of images expressed from McAuthor milk are ones that is perfect for everyone. For example an Advertisement for McArthur milk produced one year ago by Grant Baird focuses on children who act as if they are grown-ups and no matter what their family size is the McAuthor milk is perfect. The language expressed is PG, so everyone can relate with this criteria. 2. The characteristics of the targeted market are families as well as single individuals, both young and old. Children are persuaded by the flavors marketed while adults and senior citizens are targeted with the family advertisement expressed. 3. An element of the packing that coveys a sense of the market for the product is the Vitamin D label placed on the packaging of the sleeve label. This brings in consumers for the benefits of nutrition in the milk.

Research strategy for locating sources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research strategy for locating sources - Essay Example Using the outline, I will search for sources in library database using keywords identified from the outline. Thereafter, I should examine the results so as to pinpoint other terminologies and polish the search. It is also vital for one to comprehend what kind of material is situated in the dissimilar types of database that encompass general, discipline, precise, subject-specific and bulletin sources. Lastly, design an approach that will assist with the recall in searching and precision. It is crucial to understand the varieties of information likely to be found in diverse categories of sources and their suitability in tackling the assignment. Some of the source types include websites, newspapers, reference materials, magazines or academic articles. Using the already located books, I look at their works cited so that they can lead me to other sources. To determine if the source is of use or not, I need to peruse through the source or read the outline or abstract of the sources. This w ill give an understanding of the contents of the books or article, which I will gauge whether it will provide information answering parts of the outline. I will keep the strategy since it has been very useful in locating sources I needed to carry out a couple of researchers papers successfully in the past. The outline is very useful in locating sources. It provides a comprehensive coverage, of the areas of study. Thus, with an outline, it is unlikely for one to leave out crucial information on the area of study.

20th-Century Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

20th-Century Art - Essay Example One not needs to look at the picture for long to recognize the form, even though the viewer might not be able to put finger on pointillism but surely the form appears distinct from single stroke of brush. Color contrast has been used very effectively in this painting. Although the dots are supposed to appear distinctly but in this piece they appear so smooth, in a single tone. It gives the impression of pixels on TV screen. Most probably the whole painting was made with using CMYK color pattern;Â  Cyan (blue), Magenta (red), Yellow, and Key (black). The overall mood of the painting is quite relaxed, people are at the park and they are enjoying the sunshine. The distance technique is effectively used where the couple standing right in the forefront is quite big compared to boats in the distance. Despite the fact that only two or three faces are clearly visible, the overall emotional stir is quite evident. The mood is serene and the use of green color captivates the viewer with its beauty. The painting reflects peace and calm in human life. The mood seems as if people are gathered at the park at a lovely evening, men look a little lazy as if sitting there after their work shift and women are just enjoying the bright sunny day. In it absolute sense there is calmness in the whole painting. It seems as if no one is talking to anyone, all of them are having a conversation in their heads with natural beauty. Most of the people are staring at the lake, probably admiring the serene beauty and the sense of peace and tranquility it bestows on humans minds. Visual aspects of the paintings aside, emotional appeals in this art piece are simply brilliant. The viewer can get drenched by the beauty of the painting and could feel themselves as a part of it, as if right there in the park with the people. It would be really helpful if this painting is observed in its real size which is quite large. The canvas of this painting almost covers a whole wall. Although

Application of auction theory in the context of the Indian Premier Essay

Application of auction theory in the context of the Indian Premier League - Essay Example This theory is highly essential from a theoretical, empirical and economic perspective. This paper aims to discuss the main principles of the auction theory along with the considerable issues and their solutions associated to the phenomenon of auction market. For this paper, we shall consider an example of the Indian Premier League (IPL) to relate it with the relevant theoretical principles of the auction theory. Auction Theory: Auction theory is a branch of economics which takes a number of concepts into analysis that includes the risks, behaviors, challenges and activities of bidders within the auction processes. The process of auction has been used from earliest traces of economic activities. Economists have contributed in the auction theory including Vickrey (1961), Griesmer, Levitan and Shubik (1967) etc. Extension of Auction theory is referred to as theorem of revenue equivalence (see appendix 1.1). As per the contributions of different economists, there are four standard types of auctions. These bids are commonly known as the English Bid, the descending bid which also known as the Dutch bid, first sealed bid and a second seal bid. Each one is unique and possesses interesting factors, which grasp attention of the interested buyers (Besanko and Braeutigam 2000). Now we shall analyze each type of bid separately supported with relevant examples. English Bid: According to Gul and Stacchetti (1999), English bid is a type of bid that slowly goes higher. Sometimes this type of bidding appears as most simplistic, however at the same time it can create complexities for both buyers and sellers. English auction begins with a bid which is placed by an auctioneer who places the starting bid which is a given price of the product being sold. The bids are then placed one by one in an increasing order. English bid is different from other bids such as sealed bids because it is open to all bidders with no policy of hiding (Gul and Stacchetti 1999). The one who makes the highest bit wins the product. In this type of bid prices increase comparatively with small margins and the buyers intend to win the item at low price than its original value at which the product bidding started i.e. starting bid. For example, there is a likelihood of quick sale of a car during an auction as the standing bid will be lowest, which will be affordable for a sing le buyer, who will finally take the commodity home (Auctus Development, Inc, 2004). It should also be noted that the English auction can be win by the standing bidder which can only be displaced by a competitively higher bid than the standing bid (Jaiswal 2010). Furthermore, Klemperer (1997) noted that English bids or ascending bids are usually used for selling household items such as cars, appliances, furnisher and sometimes properties as well. This type of bid facilitates sellers to make great sum of money and an amazing opportunity for the buyers to win the bid (Klemperer 1997). A reserve or minimum price is charged for house hold commodities in English auction (Auctus Development, Inc 2004). Dutch Bid: According to Besanko and Braeutigam (2000), the Dutch system is entirely

The State of Classical Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The State of Classical Music - Essay Example However, after the depression, the perceived social role of classical music as a free cultural good and capital started declining. This is mainly because the audience did not experience or feel the musicians’ sense of humanity or impulse from their (musicians) stage performances. As a result, the audience remained ultimately impenetrable and unwelcoming. Due to the challenges modern individuals are currently going through, there is an urgent need for a change in the kind of music from classical to another genre so that the musicians can be able to reach everyone around the world, emotionally, spiritually, socially or psychologically. Therefore, classical music is in a downward trend since the depression period. Classical music has been declining slowly over the years. In fact, Vanhoenacker (2014) argues that classical music is dead. There are many reasons explaining why classical music is actually dying. For instance, famous individuals are leaving the industry in droves bringing down the classical industry. As a result, classical music will face a shortage of artists in the near future .This is because few new artists are involved in composing and singing this kind of music. Another major reason why classical music is declining around the globe is that classical music is very costly; meaning it is too expensive to stage. Furthermore, the world is changing and individuals in America are accepting the new pop culture and leaving the old behind. Classical music is majorly for the old as the audience is generally made up of the old guys who cannot cheer up but rather, sit quietly and watch. Nevertheless, as popular culture is being taken into account, the youth will want something new that wi ll yield a different experience. They will thus abandon classical music which is termed as old (Vanhoenacker 2014). Finally, musicians also want a break from classical music

The Negative Social Psychological Impact of Overdependence on and Long Essay

The Negative Social Psychological Impact of Overdependence on and Long Exposures to Computers - Essay Example Bordia, P. (1997) â€Å"Face-to-Face versus Computer-Mediated Communication: A Synthesis of the Experimental Literature† The Journal of Business Communication, 34(1), 99+ Bullinger, H. & Ziegler, J. (1999) Human-Computer Interaction: Communication, Cooperation, and Application Design. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Ellul, J. (1967) The Technological Society. New York: Vintage Books. George, J. (2004) Computers in society: privacy, ethics, and the Internet. The University of Michigan: Pearson Prentice Hall. Morley, D. (2010) Understanding Computers in a Changing Society. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. O’Brien, J. (1991) Introduction to information systems in business management. The University of Michigan: Irwin. Sanders, D. & Fry, R. (1981) Computers in society. The University of California: McGraw-Hill. Shotton, M. (1989) Computer Addiction? A Study of Computer Dependency. London: Taylor & Francis. What dangers are there for a society which depends on computer screens rather than face-to-face contact for its main means of communication? Introduction Present-day societies are becoming more and more dependent on technologies. ‘Internet’, ‘Google’, ‘Skype’, and ‘Facebook’ have become widely popular terms. The assumption is that computers can give instant knowledge or answers to almost all kinds of questions and, lately, provide adequate or, at best, lucrative employment. Since computers seem to offer an immediate access to knowledge or information, they have turned out to be substitutes for traditional knowledge-acquisition techniques, the pure knowledge foundation desired by classical Greece (Sanders & Fry 1981). Moreover, since computers are unrestrained by human eccentricities, their application sidesteps an array of ordinary... Present-day societies are becoming more and more dependent on technologies. ‘Internet’, ‘Google’, ‘Skype’, and ‘Facebook’ have become widely popular terms. The assumption is that computers can give instant knowledge or answers to almost all kinds of questions and, lately, provide adequate or, at best, lucrative employment. Since computers seem to offer an immediate access to knowledge or information, they have turned out to be substitutes for traditional knowledge-acquisition techniques, the pure knowledge foundation desired by classical Greece (Sanders & Fry 1981). Moreover, since computers are unrestrained by human eccentricities, their application sidesteps an array of ordinary activities and issues in putting in order everyday endeavours. Putting in order human affairs based on computer technologies give social institutions rationality and consistency. Emphasising this drive to transfer to computers task for setting up a strong social order, a number of scholars, like Jacques Ellul (1967), claimed in the past that ‘technological slavery’ would eventually emerge. This argument proposes that the current overdependence on computers has become dangerous to contemporary societies. The Negative Social Psychological Impact of overdependence on and Long Exposures to Computers.

Teenage Pregnancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Teenage Pregnancy - Essay Example Worldwide, rates of teenage pregnancy range from 143 per 1000 in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2.9 per 1000 in South Korea. (Treffers, 2003, UNICEF. (2001) ).Among OECD developed countries, the United States and United Kingdom have the highest level of teenage pregnancy, while Japan and South Korea have the lowest.( national master, 2008) In countries such as India the majority of teenage births occur within marriage.( Mehta, 1998, UNICEF, 2001) in developed countries this is mostly outside a marriage and is regarded to be an illegal pregnancy but in US and UK a huge number of these pregnancies though occurring at teenage are taken to term and children are delivered. Age at the first child birth is very important prognostically for a woman's gynecological history as well as other general health issues but this aspect has not been addressed the way it is needed. Most of the developing countries where early marriages are very common are the ones have a higher maternal and infan t mortality and morbidity rates due to prenatal, antenatal and postnatal complication. With pregnancy there are a number of risks associated and they all have an impact on the outcome of the pregnancy and most of those disorders like pregnancy induced hypertension, gestational diabetes, and low birth weight babies occur if the mother's age is less than 15 years. In UK young girls mostly have poor intake of nutritional food and they are more for putting their self on diet and for that reason their bodies are not prepared for conceiving. If we see for a woman to turn into a healthy mother she needs time to get prepared for becoming a mother and if she becomes a mother all of sudden without prepreparation she will obviously not be ready to handle the responsibilities. Pregnancy needs a close follow ups for antenatal care but if the mother is immature to the extent that she does not understand the importance f this aspect then how can a pregnancy be helped with antenatal care provision That is so important for a pregnancy to go healthy till its term. Child bearing duration of a female has a significant impact on a family's structure, economic status, health of that family, and even its particular social class and if taken at a larger scale it has a profound impact on a country's economy. If a woman starts producing children at the age of 15 she is getting 25 plus potential years to be fertile which can potentially be leading to a good number of increases in a nation's population. Pregnancy at an early age is very unhealthy in terms of its hazardous impact on the mother's and child's health, its impact on country's economy and the social issues associated to this phenomenon. Pregnancy is regarded to be a medical condition and it has to be given the due attention of a potential killer if not taken care of properly. Pregnancy is a much altered state of physiology of a woman. Pregnancy itself carried a significant risk to a mother's health whether at occurs at any age or later. However; there are additional medical concerns for younger mothers, particularly those under 15 and those living in developing countries. (Mayor, 2004) A pregnant mother undergoes through a transition for 40 plus weeks and then gets able to give birth to a child. During all these nine months of continues transition the first three months are very important for a few medical conditions like pregnancy induced hypertension

Practicum Review and Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Practicum Review and Evaluation - Essay Example hing is that certain slides in Lisa’s presentation were immensely loaded with information, it was hard to make out clearly what the real essence was in those slides. The flow in the presentation is remarkable. It clearly takes the readers or the audience with the flow of slides. First, there are goals, then definition, then methodology, then the documentation and questionnaire and in the end, there is a summary of the whole learning experience. It would be a good idea to try to present less information in one slide rather than filling up the whole slides with words. Modern presentation slides use only 4-5 words with eye catching pictures that captivate the readers. Use as many slide as you want but the information on them should be concise. Overall the look of the presentation was splendid. The pictures used were nice, however some pictures of bigger children would have had a better impact as OSAS survey was about children under the age of 18, not under the age 4. Yes the objectives are clearly defined and explained. Kristy’s presentation is about enhancing patients’ knowledge on how to take care of their bodies, on how to follow up on a patient and provide emotional support from the nursing point of view. Â   The experience is presented in compact info nuggets. I mean there are slides that show in-text referencing as if a thesis paper, which it is not. It is a presentation and needs pretty slides to give information to the viewer. This fact alone makes the presentation a little difficult to follow. It is quite clear what the author is trying to communicate. She has tried to give a checklist to nurses to make sure that the patients get diagnosed for their illness effectively. In my opinion, the ideas have been communicated very clearly. The design and the physical content of the presentation was just alright. It wasn’t catchy there were hardly any pleasing pictures to capture the interest of the audience. I’d recommend that there should be more

Supermarket database-computer coursework Essay Example for Free

Supermarket database-computer coursework Essay Introduction There are many supermarkets around us, but there do you know how it works. In this coursework. , we will anyalsis the problem of the old supermarket system and how to solve this problem. Besides, in this coursework, it will introduce a new supermarket system, introduce its advantage, how to set up, how to use it and what is its advantages. Old supermarket system Disadvantage: piles of papers are used to keep the records it is hard to back up the records, if you really do so, the cost of the ink and the papers can make you bankrupt the payments are calculated by men, if your mathematics is poor, you will bankrupt again you need to spend nights after nights to turn the pages by your hands in order to search the data of the customers and supplier snail mail is used, which means time and money is wasted your customers cannot immediately get the most update news of your product, simply the million-dollar contract will fly to other companies the piles of paper wont remind you when your product is expired, you need to search through the papers it is not easy to comunicate to your branch stores. Many workers are needed to check the store Solution of the problem To solve the problem in the old supermarket system,setup up a database system that would control local store inventory, and cover the ordering of stock from the customers. Advantages of the new system Digital record is used. Millions of information are stored in a 6-inch hard-dish. The records can be backed up inside a DVD or a hard dish drive. the payments are calculated by computer, which decreases the human error In order to search the data of the customers and supplier, you simply need to type the name, or tel. number. email is used, your customers can get the most update news of your product, at once the computer will remind you when your product is expired, so you can make preparations you can communicate the computer form one branch store to another. Information can be transferred immediately computer can do most of the jobs. Less workers are employed Old system Computer system Space needed to keep the records more Much less Back up Very difficult Very easy error High possibility Low possibility Search data Very complicated Very convenient mail Slow and expensive Quick and free Check expired stock By hand automatically Communication Slow and inconvenient Quick and easy Number of employees more less Requirement of the system. It is consider that the supermarket has original system which has only one computer with the following equirement. Working system Windows 2000, standard edition Processor Pentium III 733Mhz, RAM 256MB recommended Drive space 20GB Video 32MB shared ram In order to reach the requirement of the new system, the computers need to replace new ones and connected as the following instructions. Requirement of the server. Working system Windows server 2003, standard edition Processor Pentium 4 3. 0Ghz, 550+ MHz recommended RAM 1024MB/1G recommended Drive space 250GB Video 128MB shared ram or better This computer is highly security. It needed the voice check and the password of the three highest manager to open the report of the profit and also to open the economy condition of the supermarket. Besides, the server is connected to a internet server with domain name. This is because this can convenient the customers to shopping or order products from the internet. Requirement of the other computers The other four computres is used to save data. They should have the following requirement. Working system Windows XP, Professional Processor Pentium 4 3. 0Ghz, 550+ MHz recommended RAM 512 MB recommended Drive space 80 GB Video 128MB shared ram or better. Software of the programme The supermarket can use Microsoft Access or Visual Basic The advantages of using MS Access are: Â  It is a relational database, which makes the data management easier. Â  It integrates easily with other Microsoft packages such as Word and Excel. Â  It is inexpensive. Â  It is a flexible product that cab be used for all kinds of databases. Â  It can be used to build extensive database applications. Â  All the information is held in one place and the information only needs to be updated once. Â  It can retrieve and update information quickly and easily. Â  Reports, standard letters can be easily produced. Backup and archiving is easy. The disadvantages of using MS Access are: Â  It lacks in high volume capacity. It is limited to a low transaction rate. It can bring down the entire servers if it is not used properly. The advantages of using Visual Basic are: It provides a user-friendly interface. The modular structure in visual basic program helps the programmer to develop a large program without knowing all the variables and their relationships. Â  It is provided by an integrate development environment that helps the programmer in debugging syntax errors. The disadvantages of using Visual Basic are:Â  It is limited in the kind of application that visual basic can code.

The Evolution of Eukaryotic Cells from Prokaryotic Cells Essay Example for Free

The Evolution of Eukaryotic Cells from Prokaryotic Cells Essay DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms, is the acid that carries genetic information. RNA- Ribonucleic acid (RNA), is an acid that is present in all living cells, it’s main role is to act as messenger and carry instructions from DNA fro controlling the synthesis of proteins. What are Eukaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Organisms? A eukaryotic cell is a cell that contains complex organelles like nuclei or mitochondria enclosed within a membrane and eukaryotic organisms are organisms that are made up of eukaryotic cells like us, humans. What are Prokaryotic Cells and Prokaryotic Organisms? Prokaryotic cells are cells that lack nuclei and other organelles within the cell membrane; they have strands of DNA and RNA in them instead of nuclei. However, prokaryotic cells are not as simple as they look or sound. â€Å"The DNA in the prokaryotic cell unzips to make a molecule of RNA, and then the RNA makes proteins that help rebuild the cell wall. Sometimes the DNA reproduces itself, and then the new DNA molecule clings to the cell wall while the cell divides to make a new cell with the new DNA inside it. Prokaryote cells also have a little string of protein molecules that hangs off the end like a tail, called a flagellum. The cell can move this flagellum by pushing protons or energy at it, and it can use the flagellum to move itself from one place to another.† http://scienceforkids.kidipede.com/biology/cells/prokaryote.htm

Strategic Human Resource Management is related between strategic management and HRM

Strategic Human Resource Management is related between strategic management and HRM Introduction: Strategic Human Resource Management is related between strategic management and HRM. SHRM is intended to create decisions organizations employees important works of its business strategy. It gives the general way of an organizations hope to achieving objectives through its people. SHRM is run for long term issues of the people in business. It is also connected to the organizations structure and its culture, requirements of future business. Its performance can change the total management. Task 1: Human Resource Management Strategy: 1.1 Importance of Strategic Human Resource Management of Nokia: Strategic human resource management emphases on human resource programme of Nokia that has long term objectives. It is focusing on internal human resource issues as well as on addressing and solving problems that effect management programs in the long term. so the main goal of strategic human resources is to boost employee productivity by focusing on business resistance that take place outside of human resources. SHRM of Nokia employs strategies that help to develop the business performance of Nokia and help an environment of modernism and flexibility among employees. The main actions of Head of SHRM Juha Akras are to identify key HR areas where strategies can be implemented in the long run of progress the overall employee motivation and productivity. SHRM also describe about the companys internal strengths and weaknesses. This is very important as the strengths and weaknesses of a companys human resources that have a straight effect on the companys future. 1.2 The purpose of Strategic Human Resource Management activities of Nokia: SHRM has a unique purpose to meet the companys objectives. Different company has different strategy and SHRM plays a role to identify the overall need for the company to achieve the company goal. The SHRM activities are as follows for Nokia and it has a great purpose for companys future: 1.2.1Resource planning: Resources are very important and should accessible to get together present and potential business requirements in favour of business policy. Nokia Resource planning directed executive or global and part or narrow system which is done by SHRM of Nokia. Particularly, talented workers or real apprenticeship schemes must be used. 1.2.3 Workforce planning and recruiting: Workforce planning is the development of assessing a companys current and future human resources needs. Workforce planning also includes managing any training and recruitment process to make sure the organisation has the exact staff inexact place. Nokia work force planning has a great purpose to properly express one way to make a workforce receptive to cross functional, Cross-cultural teaming that can therefore make fast, high-quality decisions and increase the organizations flexibility. 1.2.4 Performance management: Nokia SHRM has a system to run employee performance. It ensures individual objectives are copied from company strategy and policies. This is for motivate Nokias employee. 1.2.5 Recruiting and exit procedures: Nokia SHRM makes sure the capable and qualified persons are appointed to open positions, according to real need. The dealers check the quality of candidates. SHRM provided with a work contract or offer letter, basic or specific training. SHRM shall ensure that exit procedures are acquiescent with local legislation, international labour law and appropriate collective agreements. 1.2.6 Nokia specific training and certification: Nokia SHRM has the essential guidance on Nokias organization and product marketing, if required any compulsory Id or certificates to be trained the community procedure of engaging multicultural, multi-country employees in generating and agreeing on a set of values and to search and get deeper considerate of the relationships between strategy, culture, values and business outcomes. 1.3. Contribution of Strategic Human Resource Management to the achievement of Nokias organizational objectives. To continue a strong, booming and well-organized atmosphere Nokia connects with its workforce in the core target to make an situation for all its workers anywhere they can fulfil their prospective. 1.3.1 Company growth: Nokia expands their business in regularly basis with new innovations and ideas. That is why Nokia needs lot of skill and experienced persons to meet their business growth. For example Nokias Research Development work was spread crosswise in 69 web and its 19,579 technical expertises to activate and build up their own facts. In these situations Human Resource played a vital role. It recruits them and trained them in specific way to success in this project. Nokia is operating their business all over the world and so the human resource providing a socio cultural environment to its employee relationship and workplace. 1.3.2 Profit increasing: Every company is profit oriented. They want to increase their profit in every aspect. Nokia is also increasing profit very successfully by making new ideas implementations. Human resource has a effective involve to increase their profit by reducing labour cost and other activities. Human resources is the organization of resources other than natural resources and capital resources. 1.3.3 Satisfaction of Stakeholders: Human Resource of Nokia always try to satisfy its Stakeholders like its employees, investors, suppliers and others. It has an member of staff approval training and employee judgment assignment and can get achievement on the grades of the training. It makes sure that information related to employees such as industry performance, communicated crossways the society and ensure performance is evaluated fairly and independently.HR of Nokia provide to dealer forces at Nokia services. Task 2: Human Resources Planning: 2.1 Business factors of Coca-Cola that underpin human resource planning: Human resources are the people that work for an organisation, and Human Resource Management is concerned with how these people are managed. Though, the term of HRM has come to mean more than this because people are different from the other resources that work for an organisation. Coca-Cola Human Resource department involves in company strategic planning in various way. When it makes human resource plan there is involve company business factor and external environment factor. 2.1.1 Business Growth: Coca-Cola is a leading beverage company. It increases its business all over the world in every year in different way. So needs lot of staff to meet this incensement of business. Human resources planning takes its consideration forecasting future manpower requirements, where using arithmetical view to plan growth in the monetary situation and expansion of the business. 2.1.2Business Change: Coca cola change their business plan strategy sometimes very frequently in consideration of economic, market variation, competitor and other relative factors. Human resource of Coca-Cola also takes such consideration when it plans in a long term basis. 2.1.3 Impact of Technology: In every certain time all over the world modern technology is invented. Coca-Cola always takes it a challenge when they make a Human resource plan. HR is considered to its existence employee and recruits skilful employee to meet this challenge successfully. 2.1.4 Business Competition: There is a huge competition of all over the world. In this competition rivalry making efficient the organization is a real challenge. Coca-Cola Human resource plan think about this competition and make it organization to fit in this situation. 2.1.5 Labour Cost Control: Coca-Cola Human resource planning includes in a wide way about Labour cost control by maintain waste of time, proper use of materials. Its Human resource always approach training programme to its productions stuff to make difference and make them skilful as they can work fast and more easily. Not only its taking consideration for planning or developing its production stuff it also concentrates its: à ¢-  IT specialists. à ¢-  Engineers. à ¢-  Project Specialist à ¢-  Product designer à ¢-  Executives. à ¢-  Admin stuff Other variations should take for consideration   new legislations like new health requirements,  safety requirements, Changes in government policies   Ã‚  like tax tariff, labour demand and supply. 2.2 Human resource requirements in a given situation: According to the New York Times July, 2009 Coca-Cola market was slipped in U.S. market but Coca-Cola still the best carbonate cola. In this situation there was 60% market share was Coca-Cola. Generally its market share relay between 75%-85% in U.S market. In this situation Coca- Cola surveyed their market and find out the barrier and solved it by various planning implementation. Besides the other department Human Resource Management played a vital role to recover the market as well. In Such kind of situation Human Resource makes sure several things that are as follows: 2.2.1 Personal Requirement: HR will arrange the operation teams and then give exact point to its members. According to the size of industry and the involvedness of the operation, might also need to create sub teams. The following points provide options HR might consider in regard to managing some important issues: à ¢-  Let to know and familiar with the specific operations: . à ¢-  Special training is given to employees; new employees also are placed with old ones to learn work and the values prevalent in the company. 2.2.2 Workplace: They must provide sufficient working space to per employee. The temperature must be reasonable. The workplace must be adequately lit and where the work can be done seated seats must be provided. Human resource management makes sure promote an comprehensive atmosphere that inspire all workforce to build up and get to their complete possible, consistent with a promise of human rights in our place of work. 2.2.3 Organizing operation teams: SHRM will help to make a team of talent in safety way also serve up as influential of secondary teams. Team members have to have such skills that are valuable according to the requirements. 2.3 Development a human resources plan Coca-Cola: The Human Resource Plan should also be closely tied to strategic planning. In order to effectively meet their strategic goals and objectives, a world leading company, hire or develop staff with the required skills, knowledge and attitudes to Perform the needed functions. The Human Resource Plan of Coca-Cola can be completed in six steps: 2.3.1 Step 1: Setup a big picture: The main purpose of the first step is to bring the group to realize the meaning of and the need for a business strategy and agenda of Coca-Cola. To understand the business strategy the specific department executives will run a workshop and it can be two days workshop. In this two-day workshop the business unit executive reviews business strategy in any issues to impact the business. HR highlights the key driving forces of business such as Technology, distribution, competition, the markets etc and also the implications of the driving forces for the people side of business the fundamental people contribution to bottom line business performance. 2.3.2Step 2: Develop a Mission Statement or Statement of Intent: This come up to human resources planning mirrors the section in business plan of Coca-Cola dedicated to clearing up why your company exists and what value it presents. Human resources planning will be based on your organizations mission statement, goals and objectives because your workforce will be in alignment with the company values. 2.3.3 Step 3: Conduct a SWOT analysis of the organization: This analysis will looks at the internal environment of company. By this analysis the human resource will find out what is Coca-Colas present strengths and what is weakness as well as current in future opportunity and threats to know the whether they able to achieve with the current human resources. SWOT analysis will ensure the clear image about the organisation resources such as capital worker. 2.3.4Step 4: Develop consequences and solutions; Human resource will amalgamate all essential for meeting the company objectives. It will take steps for developing the Human Resource Plan as below: Teamwork of staff to lower levels to the management level should be developed to support in various ways that able to consider necessary in things to build up communication and promote better relationship among all level of employee. The management should emphasize on good quality of corporate culture to build up employees and make a positive and favourable work environment. The reasonable and complete process of human resource management is Performance appraisal. Through the performance evaluation HRM can collect and proves basics for recruiting and selecting new staff and can give training to its existing staff to develop their skill. It is motivate and maintain a work force by satisfactorily and correctly rewarding their dedications. Human Resources Management will defiantly fall down without a dependable performance evaluation system. 2.3.5 Step 5: Implementation and evaluation of the action plans: Developing a human resource strategys main purpose is to make sure that the objectives set are similarly helpful so that the reward and payment systems are incorporated with employee training and career development plans. 2.4 Evaluation of how a human resources plan can contribute to meet Coca-Colas objectives: Human Resource Plan has a great value to achieve of an organisations overall strategic objectives and it is clearly explain that the human resources role completely understands and supports the route in which the organisation is touching. A complete HR plan will also support other exact strategic objectives undertaken by the marketing, financial, functioning and technology departments. Generally Coca-Cola evaluates its HR plan in various ways which are below: à ¢-  It has the exact people in exact place. à ¢-  It has the accurate combination of skills. à ¢-  Employees show their correct attitudes and behaviours. à ¢-  Employees are organized in a effective way. Coca-Cola take decision a HR strategy plan can attach importance to the organisation if it has the values which are below: à ¢-  Some more clear of the common things which recline at the back the success of other plans and strategies which didnt show previously. à ¢-  Recognize basic an essential issue which has to be addressed to its people as the are motivated more dedicated and work successfully. The next area should be including: à ¢-  Workforce planning issues à ¢-  Making plan successful. à ¢-  Workforce skills campaign. à ¢- Employment justice plans. à ¢-  Motivation and reasonable behaviour issues. à ¢-  Recruitment design in compensate levels, retain and motivate people à ¢-  A reasonable grading and payment system which is serving proper incentive for dedications. à ¢-  A constant performance management structure which is considered to assemble the requirements of all sectors of the business including its people. Furthermore, the HR strategy of Coca-Cola can put in worth is by making sure that, in all its other plans takes its version of and plans for changes in the bigger environment, those are likely to have a major impact such as: à ¢-  Changes in the in general service marketplace. à ¢-  Development of the member of staff relations weather is need. à ¢-  Changes the legal framework which surrounding employment. 3.1 Explanation the purpose of human resource management policies of Coca-Cola: Coca-Cola believes in delivering better performance requirements better capabilities. So its HR policy is planned in procession with this approach and stand on attracting and retaining the brilliant people and developing them constantly. Employees development is the main issues for human resource management. It constantly educated on How to Develop People. Employees, business objectives and ability levels are followed up by the performance management.   Reward system and career management systems are considered on job family model. As a fraction of career management system, internal appointment procedure is used so as to grant them career and job upgrading opportunities. In 2007 there are 97 placement have been filled through internal assignments. Winning and potential employees are reviewed efficiently and exclusively. Talent re-evaluate meetings are planned for next steps with individualized development programs. 3.2 Analysing the impact of regulatory requirements on human resource policies of Coca-Cola: The HR policies can help an organization both internally and externally. It meets requirements for diversity, ethics and training as well as its commitments in relative to instruction and commercial governance. The HR policy of Coca-cola establishes a cultural diversity. HR policies also played a very effective at supporting and building the desired organizational culture. These are lots of system and that actually beneficiary from a company as well as from employee. All around the world, Coca-cola makes sure with 27000 of Expatriates that they be given the kind of correspondence and ongoing support that makes their replacement a positive experience. Coca-Cola team Management with all policies for international mobility with a long term basis. Coca-cola accepted such kind of policies about its internal environment that make sure that they are flexible, smart and complete enough on the way to contract with the large range of needs and issues that is very essential to run a business successfully. Task 3: Reviewing Human Resource Management 4.1 The impact of an organisational structure on the management of human resources: There is a significant impact of HRM of Tesco on organizational structures to get nearer into sight organization in a effective way. The fundamental decision-making scheme was unsuccessful to react quickly to managers desires and concerns. So, Tesco taking place scrapping conservative, hierarchical professional structures in act of kindness of compliment, decentralized management systems. Then smaller number managers were concerned in the decision-making process and companies were adopting more of a team advance to management. HRM professionals, as the management change and were charged with reorganizing workers and escalating their effectiveness. This hard work also resulted in the detonation of part-time, or contract, employees, which necessary human resource strategies that contrasted with those applicable to full time workers. 4.2 Analysing the impact of an organisational culture on the management of human resources: Organizational culture and environment factors are such kind of factor where an organization exist determines the way of managing the organization (Saffold, 1988:547). The connection between organizational culture and human resources practices can be say as follows. When the member of organization i.e. employees, understand and internalized the organzational culture which can be said as the way things are done around here it will enable for employee to choose strategy, and behavior that fit with their personality as well as with the main routines of organization activities. Since Indonesia is belong to country with high power distance and low uncertainty avoidance, it is likely that organizational culture that fit with this condition is parochial type. Parochial culture is characterized by the tendecy to give much attention to some factor such as family relationship, social relation, and personal backgroud, and less attention to capability and competency needed to perform the task. The main power is on the one hand, a powerful person such as the owner or the founder of the company, where the destiny of an employee depends on the hand of the most powerfull person (the boss). There is a division of work, the boss is the planner, the other are the doer. In the high power distance society, good leader or good manager in the eye of the employees, is someone who can act like a good father (Hofstede, 1997). This type of relationship will lead to less participative management in decision making. 4.3 The effectiveness of human resources management is monitored at Tesco: The central point on HR for developing the employees through constant teaching is essential to the achievement of the business; it would amount to a waste of resources. As the UKs largest merchant crossways 14 countries consists of 470,000 members of staff. 4.3.1 Value: These apply together to consumers and employees, and for the latter focus on teamwork, trust and respect, listening, supporting and saying thank you, and sharing knowledge and experience. 4.3.2 Support: Tesco can claim a perpetual support from the employees even though the company faces a dispute concerning the distraction that includes financial services. The company also stretched internationally and economic downturn is enough to keep the companys values. 4.3.3 Growth: The Tescos HR functions are extremely entrenched. They are doing type to both short-term and longer term growth. The company is created 11,000 new jobs in 2009 and they will target the long-term unemployed.   4.3.4 Meritocracy: Tesco boasts the best employee remuneration package in the food retail sector, with an award-winning pension scheme. Some 170,000 staff own shares or are members of share schemes, and there is discounted dental, health and life insurance on offer. 4.4 Justified recommendations to improve the effectiveness of human resources management in Tesco: 4.4.1 Composition of the audit team: There has to be a representative from the HR function and from among senior line managers if the effect has to have any credibility. 4.4.2Identify the functions main customers: It is important to review to measure that what customers main functions are. 4.4.3 Mission reports reconsider: This declaration explains the cause for the HR functions continuation, its principal actions and its most important values. 4.4.4 Reconsider the activities role in implementing the companys strategy: This is critical point to establishing the connection between HR policy and practices as well as the organizations overall business strategy. 4.4.5 Reconsider the HR policy and practices: The benefit of this approach is that line managers can go anywhere if they are not happy with the service they be given from the HR function within the organization. 4.4.6 Create domestic comparison to set up best practice: The organization have to make and continually keep posted a exclusive database of HR practices that gives an overview of developments within the worlds major organizations today. 4.4.7Review the outcome of analysis: Performance gaps have to be identified and the policy implications have to be discussed with the customer. The commitment for implementing the necessary improvements should be gained. 4.4.8 Apply the decided improvements: The metrics selected should be the decided on right indicators of the HR functions performance and evaluate the results with industry averages, competitors, best practice firms, and/or with set targets or previous performance ratings.

J.L. Mackies Evil and Omnipotence Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical E

J.L. Mackie's "Evil and Omnipotence" The philosopher J.L. Mackie wrote a very convincing piece on the problem of evil called â€Å"Evil and Omnipotence,† in which he attempts to show that one of the following premises must be false in order for them to be consistent with each other. #1. God is omnipotent. #2. God is morally perfect. #3. Evil exists. The problem of evil is a deductive a priori argument who’s goal is to prove the non-existence of God. In addition to Mackie’s three main premises he also introduces some â€Å"quasi-logical† rules that give further evidence to his argument. First he presumes that a good thing will eliminate evil to the extent that it can and second, that omnipotence has no limits. From these two â€Å"additional premises,† it can be concluded that a completely good and omnipotent being will eliminate all possible evil. After establishing these added premises Mackie continues with his piece to list and negate several theistic responses to the argument. A common objection to the problem of evil is to claim that good and evil are both necessary for each other to exist. They must be looked at as counterparts. Another way of putting it is that without experiencing evil, we couldn’t possibly recognize or know what is good. Evil must exist in order for good to exist in the same way that the concept of up must exist if there we are to conceive of down. Mackie denies that this is true however. He explains that good and evil cannot be logical opposites like up and down (or great and small) because up and down are not qualities. It wouldn’t make sense to favor up over down or vice versa as one could do with good and evil. Also, even if it were true that evil is necessary for us to conceive of good, we would only need a very small amount. And it wouldn’t seem right to say that very little evil exists in the world. A second and stronger objection to Mackie’s version of the problem of evil is explained to us using the terms 1st and 2nd order goods and evils. 1st order goods/evils are purely physical. Examples are pleasure and pain, happiness and misery. It is claimed by many theists that 1st order evils such as pain and suffering are necessary for 2nd order goods like courage and charity. However there exists what Mackie calls a â€Å"fatal objection† to this claim and that is that along with 2nd order goods there must also exist 2nd order evil... ...Contingency Argument that whether a contingent series of causes is infinite or not, that fact is now irrelevant because as long as the series as a whole is thought to be contingent the existence of God can still be proven. So the Contingency Argument looks something like this. #1. The universe as a whole is a contingent being. #2. The Principle of Sufficient Reason is true. #3. The existence of a contingent being must be explained by something other than itself. #4. There must be an external, necessary being. (God.) The obvious problem with the Contingency Argument is that we do not know whether or not PSR is true. It has been suggested by some philosophers that the existence of the universe is merely a â€Å"brute fact,† or that it is possible for the existence of something to be explained by nothing. Also one can easily reject the first premise due to the fallacy of composition. Just because all the parts of something exhibit a certain quality doesn’t mean that the whole of something exhibits that same quality. So although the Contingency Argument seems stronger than the Causal Argument, it still fails to prove anything because some of the premises can be rationally denied.

Essay --

For more than 30 years, marijuana use has been associated with harsh penalties and irrational consequences. Millions of people are sent to prison each year for simple possession or consumption of this plant. This issue has fueled political disagreements over the years increasing conflict between both state and federal governments. Both sides have strong and supportive arguments; which still is an ongoing battle to this day. However, marijuana is here to stay; the state of Colorado has already fully legalized recreational use of marijuana. Looking at the amount of revenue Colorado brings in from marijuana sales, it's clear that marijuana has a significant potential in bringing money into the economy. Many would agree that the war on drugs has deteriorated our personal freedoms and has wasted money over the decades for both the government and people. Marijuana should be legal because prohibition has been proven not to work. Taxing the sales of marijuana, similar to alcohol, will help boost the economy. Regulating marijuana in an orderly way will make it a safe and healthy environment for users and families in the United States. Prohibition of alcohol in the 1920's is very similar to the prohibition of marijuana in recent years. The main reason the government made drinking alcohol illegal in the 1920's was to reduce the number of people consuming alcohol and to help lower crime levels. It was also enforced to protect minors from becoming alcoholics at an early age (Blocker 233-243). However, as much as prohibition had good intentions to stop people from abusing alcohol, it only made things worse. It triggered major strikes, raids in alcohol warehouses, and created a mass underground black market in which violence and crime leve... ...of Colorado and Washington. People wouldn't have to resort on getting their marijuana from shady dealers that could potentially cause harm to them. Marijuana alone doesn't lead people to trying harder drugs; the black market has opened the doors to people to try harder drugs because dealers carry a variety of them. Our economy would save billions from having to build prisons to jail innocent people. People with diseases would have a safe alternative to prescription drugs which have caused more deaths than marijuana. The production of hemp would benefit many farmers and industries. It will greatly reduce the amount of cotton used for many products. If more people open their mind and get educated in seeing the benefits that marijuana can bring into our society, marijuana legalization throughout the country will be the greatest decision to the United States in decades.

The Influence of OPEC Essay -- Trade Organizations Economy Essays

The Influence of OPEC The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC, was formed in Baghdad, Iraq in 1960 to coordinate and unify the policies of petroleum exporting countries. According to OPEC, their main objective is to ensure the â€Å"stabilization of oil prices† and the securing of a steady income to oil producing nations. In order to achieve this objective, the OPEC member nations meet at least bi-annually to decide whether to raise or lower their collective oil production in order to maintain the prices they deem as â€Å"stable.† The main factors that are considered when formulating petroleum policy are the forecasts for economic growth rates and the projected demand for petroleum. (www.opec.org) Exemplary of the importance of OPEC is that the 11 member countries, (with the main contributor being Saudi Arabia), produce about 40% of the world’s crude oil, and account for 55% of the world’s crude oil exports. At the end of 2001, OPEC had reserves of nearly 850 billion barrels of crude oil, which represents nearly 80% of the world total of over 1 trillion barrels. (www.platts.com/features/gasoline) As these numbers indicate, OPEC produces so much oil that they are in a position to exert considerable influence on petroleum supply levels and manipulate the price. The means by which OPEC exerts its influence is through setting production quotas. OPEC sets individual production quotas for each member country that serve as â€Å"production targets† to ensure the level of petroleum supplied by OPEC does not exceed the demand for petroleum. These â€Å"production targets† for each country add up to a â€Å"ceiling† that OPEC desires not to exceed. In reality however, OPEC countries have traditionally exceeded the proposed ceiling. In October of 2002, OPEC set a ceiling of nearly 22 million barrels to be produced per day by the OPEC 10. However, nearly 25 million barrels were produced, 3 million more than the proposed ceiling. Iraq is not included in the quota system because their exports are controlled by the U.N. based on the â€Å"food for oil† program, hence the â€Å"OPEC 10† instead of â€Å"OPEC 11.† (http://www.eia.doe.gov) With the majority of OPEC oil coming from Middle Eastern countries, the politics of the Middle East and in particular, the Persian Gulf, have played an important factor in the policies OPEC decides upon despite the fact that OP... ...educe dependence on imported oil is to reduce dependence on petroleum altogether. And the best way to do this is to increase efficiency and reduce demand of oil. OPEC still has considerable influence in determining the price per barrel of petroleum by setting quotas, but their best days are behind them. The emergence of non-OPEC exporters such as Canada, Russia, and Mexico have stripped the cartel of its power to single-handedly manipulate the petroleum market. The U.S. has benefited from the increased production of petroleum by non-OPEC nations and thus reduced their annual imports from the OPEC countries in recent years. However, the United States needs to address its obtuse energy policy and accept the fact that oil will not last forever and implement strategies that stress efficiency and will reduce the demand for fossil fuels in general. Works Cited (www.eia.doe.gov/mer)- Internet Website (http://www.nrdc.org/air/energy/fensec.asp)- Internet Website (www.opec.org)- Internet Website (www.petroleumworld.com)- Internet Website (www.platts.com/features/gasoline)- Internet Website (www.ssc.upenn.edu/polisci/psci260/OPECweb/OPECHIST.HTM)- Internet Website The Influence of OPEC Essay -- Trade Organizations Economy Essays The Influence of OPEC The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC, was formed in Baghdad, Iraq in 1960 to coordinate and unify the policies of petroleum exporting countries. According to OPEC, their main objective is to ensure the â€Å"stabilization of oil prices† and the securing of a steady income to oil producing nations. In order to achieve this objective, the OPEC member nations meet at least bi-annually to decide whether to raise or lower their collective oil production in order to maintain the prices they deem as â€Å"stable.† The main factors that are considered when formulating petroleum policy are the forecasts for economic growth rates and the projected demand for petroleum. (www.opec.org) Exemplary of the importance of OPEC is that the 11 member countries, (with the main contributor being Saudi Arabia), produce about 40% of the world’s crude oil, and account for 55% of the world’s crude oil exports. At the end of 2001, OPEC had reserves of nearly 850 billion barrels of crude oil, which represents nearly 80% of the world total of over 1 trillion barrels. (www.platts.com/features/gasoline) As these numbers indicate, OPEC produces so much oil that they are in a position to exert considerable influence on petroleum supply levels and manipulate the price. The means by which OPEC exerts its influence is through setting production quotas. OPEC sets individual production quotas for each member country that serve as â€Å"production targets† to ensure the level of petroleum supplied by OPEC does not exceed the demand for petroleum. These â€Å"production targets† for each country add up to a â€Å"ceiling† that OPEC desires not to exceed. In reality however, OPEC countries have traditionally exceeded the proposed ceiling. In October of 2002, OPEC set a ceiling of nearly 22 million barrels to be produced per day by the OPEC 10. However, nearly 25 million barrels were produced, 3 million more than the proposed ceiling. Iraq is not included in the quota system because their exports are controlled by the U.N. based on the â€Å"food for oil† program, hence the â€Å"OPEC 10† instead of â€Å"OPEC 11.† (http://www.eia.doe.gov) With the majority of OPEC oil coming from Middle Eastern countries, the politics of the Middle East and in particular, the Persian Gulf, have played an important factor in the policies OPEC decides upon despite the fact that OP... ...educe dependence on imported oil is to reduce dependence on petroleum altogether. And the best way to do this is to increase efficiency and reduce demand of oil. OPEC still has considerable influence in determining the price per barrel of petroleum by setting quotas, but their best days are behind them. The emergence of non-OPEC exporters such as Canada, Russia, and Mexico have stripped the cartel of its power to single-handedly manipulate the petroleum market. The U.S. has benefited from the increased production of petroleum by non-OPEC nations and thus reduced their annual imports from the OPEC countries in recent years. However, the United States needs to address its obtuse energy policy and accept the fact that oil will not last forever and implement strategies that stress efficiency and will reduce the demand for fossil fuels in general. Works Cited (www.eia.doe.gov/mer)- Internet Website (http://www.nrdc.org/air/energy/fensec.asp)- Internet Website (www.opec.org)- Internet Website (www.petroleumworld.com)- Internet Website (www.platts.com/features/gasoline)- Internet Website (www.ssc.upenn.edu/polisci/psci260/OPECweb/OPECHIST.HTM)- Internet Website

American Pit Bull Terriers

The history of modern American Pit Bull Terrier, often abbreviated as APBT, started in England and the early 19th century. The breed resulted from crosses of terriers with bully type dogs. In those times, the ancestors of modern American Pit Bull Terriers were used as working dogs to control unruly bulls for butchers and farmers. They were also used for the cruel sport of bull baiting. However, the historians point out the year 1835 as the turning point in the history of pit bulls, when the practice of bull baiting was replaced by the practice of another bloody sport of dog fighting.That’s why it won’t be a mistake to say that the breed has fighting origins. The first breed registry for the registration and acceptance of pit bulls was started in 1898 by Chauncy Bennet and called the UKC. He wanted to create an organization that would represent the breed as performance dogs and he added â€Å"American† and tried to eliminate â€Å"Pit† from the APBT’ s name but â€Å"Pit† was added back soon. The requirement for a dog to become a part of the UKC was the victory in three fights at minimum, but this requirement became history with the time.Second oldest organization dedicated to pit bulls, American Dog Breeders Association, was formed in 1909 by Guy McCord. The ultimate goal of the association was to probe the performance quality of a pit bull without actual dog fight. Around that time the AKC registered pit bulls under the name of the Staffordshire Terrier. This was changed to the American Staffordshire Terrier in the year 1972. Pit bulls and American Staffordshire Terriers displayed physically identity until 1936.It was the year when American Staffordshire Terriers were bred for conformation only and their breed requirements were moving to more and more stringent, while pit bulls were bred for both fighting and conformation shows. American Staffordshire Terriers became flashier with blockier heads, larger chests and a thi cker jaw, and pit bulls varied phenotypically. Modern pit bulls can be easily recognized by the following characteristic: they are â€Å"blocky and broad, the head's classic chiseled appearance, packed with bulging muscle, combines character with strength.† (O'Neil, 1995, p. 5) Breed standards say that an ideal dog should be medium-sized, solidly built, short-coated dog with smooth, well-defined musculature. Ears are small to medium in size, high set, and may be natural or cropped. The dog can be of all colours and colour patterns, except merde. The head of pit bull is the pivotal element of breed type, being large and broad to create the impression of great power, but never disproportionate to the size of the whole dog.The head should be shaped like a broad and blunt wedge when viewed from the front. The neck should be of moderate length and muscular. The shoulder blades should be muscular as well, and also long, wide, and well laid back. The chest should be deep, well fille d in, and moderately wide, but the chest can’t be wider than it is deep. The feet have to be round, proportionate to the size of the body, well arched, and tight.Faults of the dog include bulky or muscle-bound or fine-boned and rangy appearance, level bite, snipey muzzle, flews, weak lower jaw, short or thick or weak or ewe neck, dewlap, upright or loaded shoulders, elbows turned outward or tied-in, down at the pasterns, front legs bowed, wrists knuckled over, toeing in or out, narrow hindquarters, hindquarters shallow from pelvis to crotch, lack of muscle, straight or over angulated stifle joint, cow hocks, sickle hocks, bowed legs, splayed feet, long tail, curly, wavy, or sparse coat, legs not moving on the same plane, legs over reaching, legs crossing over in front or rear, rear legs moving too close or touching, rolling, pacing, paddling, sidewinding, hackney action, pounding. Serious faults are bulging eyes, both eyes not matched in color, blue eyes, undershot, or oversh ot bite, wry mouth, missing teeth, gay or kinked tail.Disqualification is bobbed tail, long coat, merle, albinism, unilateral or bilateral cryptorchid, viciousness or extreme shyness, unilateral or bilateral deafness. As for the temperament, pit bulls are bred to be exceptionally sturdy and extremely human friendly, athletic, courageous, and tenacious. Pi bulls are also â€Å"known for being highly adaptable. They can change owners and move to another home with ease, provided their new family gives them attention and love. Pit Bulls are excellent at discerning when to show affection and when to show aggression. † (O'Neil, 1995, p. 33) What is true, however, is that an owner should carefully socialize and obedience train the dog because pit bulls can occasionally exhibit some level of dog aggression, which is different from human aggression anyway.But in general, these dogs show strength, indomitable courage, and gentleness with loved ones. This is â€Å"a dog that combined t he gameness of the terrier with the strength and athleticism of the Bulldog. † (The Rare Breed Dog Association, 2004, para. 1) As for the breed specific legislation, it generally bans or restricts particular breeds or mixes. A dog of a banned breed can be confiscated by the authorities and killed. A dog of a restricted breed must be confined, muzzled, chained, or restricted in other ways and owners must provide proof of liability insurance that covers dog bites. In some jurisdictions, dogs of restricted breeds and mixes must be identified by microchip or tattoo and have mug shots on file with police.Pit bulls are banned in Lynnville, Tennessee; Chamberlain, South Dakota; Pawtucket, Rhode Island; Minot, North Dakota; Salisbury and Carl Junction, Missouri; Inman, Kansas; Lockridge, Iowa; Stone Park and Buffalo Grove (restricted), Illinois; North Little Rock, Arkansas. Ohio state declared pit bulls as dangerous and vicious dogs. Many people believe that the application of breed s pecific legislation is unfair, because it often rests on myths and misconceptions. Breed specific legislation is a regulation of the right to own a dog based solely on the breed of dog, not one’s responsibility as an owner. Pit bulls are largely misunderstood and misrepresented by the public today, and there is a clear and consistent need to debunk some myths and falsehoods about the breed.One of the most widespread myths about pit bull terriers is that they are inherently aggressive. However, the facts say the opposite. While pit bulls were bred to be courageous and utterly devoid of pain sensations, they were never bred to be aggressive. Pit bulls were not only fighting breed, but family pets as well, therefore no aggression towards humans has ever been tolerated. Moreover, it would be simply impossible to control an aggressive dog before or after a fight. Pit bulls that showed human aggression were typically shoot, that’s why only human friendly lines were desired a nd perpetuated. Indeed, â€Å"[a] Pit Bull with the correct temperament will not threaten to attack a human without a very good reason†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (O'Neil, 1995, p. 32)The facts clearly show that pit bulls â€Å"are not the stereotypical devil dog put forth in media myths. They are companion animals who have enhanced the lives of many through their devoted people-loving natures, positively channeled physical prowess, bravery, and intelligence. Pit Bulls have served key roles in search-and-rescue efforts, excel in agility training, and work nationwide as therapy and service dogs. † (PAW, n/d. , â€Å"The Truth About Pit Bulls†, para. 1) Another popular myth about pit bulls is that they have a locking jaw and 1600 P. S. I. in jaw pressure. But these dogs don’t â€Å"have a triple-hinged jaw capable of extraordinary feats of strength.As any owner of a ball-crazy Golden retriever will tell you, the clamp of the jaw is as much a function of psychology as physiolo gy, and any dog can clamp down beyond the capability of a human to pry open. † (Keith, 2005, para. 10) Still, there are some important facts an owner should know about his or her dog. Training is very important for pit bulls. â€Å"Training is the jewel in the crown-the most important aspect of doggy husbandry. † (O'Neil, 1995, p. 98) American Canine Temperament Testing Association organized special tests for dogs’ temperament, and 95% of the American Pit Bull Terriers passed, compared to a 77% passing rate for all breeds in general.Moreover, APBTs had a passing rate that was the fourth highest of all 122 breeds tested. (PAW, n/d. , â€Å"Myth-Busters†, para. 5) But there are several things each owner should consider about his or her pet. â€Å"Pit Bulls are strong and energetic, so we recommend that owners take them to obedience classes as soon as they are up to date on shots. Pit Bulls suffer from prejudice and misunderstanding, so ownership requires a willingness to consider your neighbors' concerns and educate them. † (PAW, n/d. , â€Å"Being Aware and Prepared†, para. 1-2) Life with a well-trained pit bull is a sheer pleasure. These dogs â€Å"are wonderful, loyal, intelligent companions and are truly people-dogs; they want and need companionship of their owners.One of their most prominent breed traits is reliability with and friendliness to people, so some people call them ‘pet bulls. ’ Pit Bulls are extremely affectionate and love to cuddle. Pit Bulls also make great athletic partners and often excel in obedience work. † (PAW, n/d. , para. 1) The dog â€Å"is usually very friendly, but has an uncanny ability to know when it needs to protect and when everything is okay [but] can be willful and needs a firm hand. † (DogBreedInfo. com, n/d. , â€Å"Temperament†) So pit bull owners experience so much joy in being with their dogs. However, these dogs are suitable for people possessing certain traits of character.â€Å"If dogs could choose their owners instead of the other way around, American Pit Bull Terriers would probably look for owners who are blessed with high spirits and the joy of living. † (O'Neil, 1995, p. 37) These dogs make excellent family companions and have always been noted for their devoted love of children. Still, pit bulls are not recommended for those who don’t have enough (or at least some) experience with dogs; wants a dog as a macho status symbol; tends to be irresponsible, lax or neglectful; is not very familiar with the breed; expects to let their dog run around off-leash in public places. (Kovary, 1999) Dogs do well in urban settings but should have enough exercise and other positive outlets for their energy and vitality.They are generally good with children, but a senior dog is recommended for the households with small kids. Pit bulls are loving and very loyal companions for owners, especially if the owners establish thei r leadership in a humane and consistent way. Pit bulls should always respect and obey the owner. Therefore, we see that American Pit Bull Terrier is a dog with its peculiar history and characteristics, surrounded by many myths and ambiguities. References O'Neil, J. The American Pit Bull Terrier: An Owner's Guideto a Happy Healthy Pet. New York: Howell Book House, 2nd ed. , 1995. The Rare Breed Dog Association in the United States of America. â€Å"American Pit Bull Terrier: Official U. K. C.Breed Standard. † 21 October 2004. 17 October 2005. PAW. â€Å"Pet Bull Corner. † N/d. 17 October 2005. Keith, C. â€Å"Triple-Hinged Jaws of Doom†¦ And Other Myths About the Pit Bull. † 2005. 17 October 2005. DogBreedInfo. com. â€Å"American Pit Bull Terrier. † N/d. 17 October 2005. Kovary, R. â€Å"The St. Francis Terrier — Rediscovering The American Pit Bull Terrier. † American Dog Trainers Network. 1999. 17 October 2005.

Changes of Lifestyle for Young People Essay

Introduction There have been massive changes in lifestyle of young people a century ago and the life of teenagers today. Most of the changes are remarkable and dramatic. Nowadays, there are fresh forms of media like the internet and television. Family makeup and emphasis on values today are nothing in comparison to what they were a hundred years ago (Weil, 1997). The young people’s objectives and viewpoints are also dissimilar amid of the two periods. All these modifications have made people believe that life today for a young person is far harder than it was a hundred years ago. Evidently, there exists several distinctions between life lived by young people in older days and that lived by teenagers today. Young people a hundred years ago lived a sanctuary life in comparison to those of the current times. Today’s teenagers do not just hear of violent activities within their communities, but are also aware of what is taking place in their nations and the world at large (Shephard, 2011). This has been made possible through embracement of technology and media. Television and the internet have enabled several young adults have their lives affected in ways no one even knew probable. The world today has been compressed to one small village by satellites and technological advancements that make communication of people in different continents easy. In older days, people communicated by use of signs such as blowing of horns, lighting of smoke, using messengers to convey messages from one region to another. The use of letters and posters was extremely high. Nowadays, communication is through social media like Twitter, Facebook, email addresses, cell phones and Skype just to mention but a few. Televisions have enabled news and entertainment to be easy and interesting. It was extremely hard to locate someone with a television a hundred years ago. Only a few people possessed them and were assumed to be wealthy people in villages. Approximately 80 percent of teenagers today have access to television, have cell phones and can easily access the internet. That enhances communication for them (Weil, 1997). There are certain distinctions in household concepts of older times and present times. A young individual’s household should be the superior influence of their lives. Parents of young people a hundred years ago comprehended this, and did all they could do to make sure this happen. When one looks at what is called household today, it is not what individuals hundred years ago would term as a family. Divorce was never known in communities those days and if there was a kid, a mother and father were present too (Hoikkala & Suurpää, 2005). Teenagers were extremely keen to protect their siblings. It was not possible for children to have two mothers or fathers and had no choice between father mothers. Families today are prone to family violence, divorce cases and remarriages that make children have more than one mother or father. This has made teenagers today to ignore the concept of family values and can do whatever they wish at any time. Discipline is extremely low in teenagers today as compared to young people hundred years ago. Conclusion Life today is far away different with life lived hundred years ago especially when young people are involved. The family structures and bondages of older times were strong but today they no longer have power. Parents today do not have full authority or capacity to discipline their children. This makes them ignore the values and principles governing families. In older times, communication was poor but today communication is extremely easy since technology has made the world a small entity. Life has really changed and things are not the same at all. The more changes are experienced, the more life becomes hard. References Weil, A. (1997). Eight weeks to optimum health: A proven program for taking full advantage of your body’s natural healing power. New York: A.A. Knopf. Shephard, R. (2011). Lifestyle and the Respiratory Health of Children. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 5, 1, 7-32. Hoikkala, T., & Suurpää, L. (2005). Finnish youth cultural research and its relevance to youth policy. Young, 13, 3, 285-312.

The 2050 Year

Heading for 2050 We've all had at least once in life thought that we wonder how the future will look like? How will we be over 40 years? How will our planet look like? Or just how it will be tomorrow? These are questions which, in my opinion, we grind every day. Futurologists prepare us for what seems to be 2050, saying it would be totally different in all fields, from entertainment to technology, what we find at the moment on our planet. First, classic TV channels through completely disappear, their place being taken by Internet, which we will have access all around the house (mirrors, tables, pictures, all with touch screen). The future seems a little too SF for the prezent that we live, but if we think about where they got all the science right now and where it is going, we can use in the future, things which are not imaginable today. The future of humanity will be a very human liking, because in future we will not have to do all the hard work, for which today we work more than 40 hours per week, but this will be done by robots. We will have robots that will clean, make food, will plant flowers, but also those intelligent robots will take over the role of great engineers, so that construction can be achieved more easily, accurately and much smaller errors and less. They will take a large part of our daily tasks, and we will have much more free time for fun, relaxation, travel and many other interesting things. Of course all this will be different from what exists today. We can travel in space, to go on a vacation on a exotic planet , or simply a cruise we will go into space to see the beauty of the galaxies, as we go by boat in the Caribbean today. Perhaps in those days we can even travel in time to go see a play that it is authored by Shakespeare himself when his own songs debut on a theater in the UK, or maybe we want to take part in the most important events in human history. Future technology will give us the chance to reduce the number of accidents and congestion on major arteries that form in the city. We will travel with vehicles powered using renewable energy that will help us to rise from the ground and use highways and roads on different levels (in height), to leave the ground as a destination for edestrians only, without having to ruin the beauty of nature, and many ecosystems with the construction of highways that connect major cities . Also classic trains that we know will be replaced with other transportation vehicles, which can reach a speed huge for our days, reaching their destination faster and traveling long distances. Spacecraft will serve today's aircraft, and connects the major cities what are located on d ifferent planets. Teleportation will certainly play a role as important in travel to various destinations as other means of transport, teleport different objects, or even people, of course, being the fastest means of transport, will be the most expensive. Pollution problem will be a thing of the past, or at least of atmospheric air pollution because radiation from radioactive waste will only disappear in a few thousand years, as is the case of Chernobyl. Greenland ice caps will melt not at a fast pace, maybe even boots from the pole mass will return to normal and we will not worry about increasing sea levels. The problem of global warming was solved, hurricane risk decreases, the climate will return to normal, and fear of other natural disasters will be the past. Contact with extraterrestrial civilizations will bring a touch of humanity, because we realize that we are not alone in the universe and that will need to take into account the opinions of others. But the biggest advantage is that we can assimilate the technology they have available and we learn things we could not discover themselves, can even combine our technologies with the hope that we will discover the answers to questions we grind for centuries. Medicine, one of the most important science that directly concerns each of us, will be among the most advanced of the existing fields. We will get the best equipment in a view to improving our recovery, medical technology will be very advanced , as organ transplants between people will not gonna happen, so will be replaced diseased organs with mechanical organs which take the place of human. All these things will lead to a decrease of mortality. Due to the increasing number of people on Earth we will have some of us to leave this planet and begin to colonize different planets similar to Earth. The discovery of planets like our Earth will open the horizons to worlds unknown to us, will help us spread the race and to make ourselves known in the universe. We prepare for the future seems to be exactly what we need, but until we get there we still have 40 years of hard work, during which time we hope that all things work perfectly. Our evolution is to develop technologies that we present can zoom in or out of answers that we do not have but one living and dreams of 2050.

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) Essay

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are quantitative and qualitative measures used to review an organization’s progress against its goals. These are broken down and set as targets for achievement by departments and individuals. The achievement of these targets is reviewed at regular intervals. KPIs are used to monitor the performance of a company, department, process or even an individual machine. They will also help shape the behaviors of employees within the company. KPIs need to be flexible and reflect the changing goals of the organization. Goals change as the organization changes in reaction to external factors or as it gets closer to achieving its original goals. Individual KPIs need to be directly linked to organization goals and objectives, or overall organization KPIs where they are used. They need to reflect organization culture and values, by indicating the types of behavior and performance the organization will recognize as ‘successful’ and reward employees for. KPIs need to be measurable and reflect a balance between operational and people orientated measures. KPIs are a fundamental component of sustaining a change process and maintaining a performance management culture. KPIs should be aligned with the organization’s vision and direction. When performance is measured, and the results are made visible, organizations can take action to improve. SMART KPIs The acronym SMART is often used to describe KPIs. Specific Measurable Achievable Relevant Timely Specific KPIs need to be specific to the individual job and if possible expressed as statements of actual on-the-job behaviors. For example, a KPI should: Explain clearly to the employee what he/she has to do in terms of performance to be successful Have an impact on successful job performance, that is distinguishing between effective performance and ineffective performance  Focus on the behavior itself, rather than personality attributes such as ‘attitude to customers’. Terms such as ‘work quality’, and ‘job knowledge’ are too vague to be of much use. Measurable KPIs must be measurable, that is based on behavior that can be observed and documented, and which is job-related. They should also provide employees with ongoing feedback on their standard of performance. Achievable Performance management needs to be an open, collaborative communication process. KPIs must be seen by all that they are achievable. The KPI must be realistically achievable. If it is set too high for the circumstances (such as an ambitious production target), not only will it be irrelevant but it will ensure failure. Relevant It is essential that employees clearly understand the KPIs, and that they have the same meaning to both parties. Consultation is more likely to result in standards that are relevant and valid. Timely KPIs should have an appropriate time frame. It should be possible to collect the relevant information either ‘as it happens’ or within a short time afterwards, otherwise it will lose its relevance. As outputs of the performance management system, KPIs also need to be in alignment with other HR-related functions, including training and development, recruitment and selection, rewards and recognition, and career planning. Business aspects that require KPIs KPIs should cover every aspect of the business. Sample examples are Customer satisfaction Employee satisfaction Staff turnover Absenteeism Department/division specific measures Triple bottom line: financial, environmental and social responsibility Finance including revenue and costs OHS reporting including incidents and related costs Equipment usage and OEE Maintenance costs and effectiveness New product development & innovation Lead times and down times Quality KPI components KPIs should identify the required outcomes, for example: The minimum acceptable performance e.g. daily break even point Target performance eg desired daily output. KPIs should: Be communicated to all staff so that they are aware of how they are to be measured and how their KPIs impact on the organization as a whole Be aligned with the vision and direction of the organization Have relevant reward and recognition criteria linked to each KPI. When implementing new KPIs, having baseline data to measure improvements is very important. Progress on KPIs should be communicated at regular times to highlight emerging trends. As these trends emerge, corrective action can be implemented in a timely fashion. KPIs need to be communicated via multiple media. The measures that are selected must be carefully specified to ensure they do not cause non-lean behaviors. In many cases there will need to be a selection of measures that balance quality and quantity factors to ensure the correct behaviors are encouraged. Listed below are some examples of the behaviors and outcomes that measure in isolation can cause. Measure in isolation Behavior Outcome Production output Make more Overproduction Machine efficiency Run machine longer Run in most efficient sequence for machine Unnecessary stock Customer orders late Maintenance costs Reduction in maintenance activities to reduce costs Machine breakdowns Cash flow performance Pay suppliers as late as possible Supplier deliveries XX unreliable Creating KPIs KPIs must be designed for each proposed change to the production process so that: There is a base line measurement taken to establish a starting performance standard There are measures developed to track the team’s  performance There are measures established that can highlight any variability. This can assist in future diagnoses Reward and recognition can be effectively implemented. Before data is collected three questions need to be asked. What is the purpose of collecting this data? Will this data tell us what we want to know? Will we be able to act on the data we collect? The goal is to create an easy-to-use, accurate measurement system with as few measures as possible. The following questions need to be answered when setting up a data collection system: What type of metric is it (financial, behavioral or core-process)? Why was it selected? Where will the data be collected? How will it be collected? How often will it be collected? How often and where will the metric be displayed? Who will use it? KPI examples Some examples of measures that can be used to monitor the performance of a competitive manufacturing company are listed below. Financial Examples Costs Material costs Labor costs Operations costs Inventory Overtime Warrantee costs Cost of Sales Interest on overdraft Number of projects completed on time and on budget Revenue Sales Gross margins Return on assets or investment Product profitability Team metrics Overtime Material costs Revenue generated by team Inventory value in team’s area Number of projects completed on time and on budget Core metrics Examples OHS Lost time injuries Number of staff off work Length of time staff are off work DIFOT Delivery in full on time Quality First time through quality Yield Lead-time Order to cash in bank Raw material to dispatch Dock to dock Inventory Inventory turnover rate OEE Overall equipment effectiveness Schedule performance % Changes to the weekly schedule Value added ratio Ratio of value adding time to lead time Team metrics Turnaround time for jobs Output rates Quality rates Equipment OEE Attendance rates Schedule compliance Customer feedback Number of deadlines/milestones met Metrics relating to specific team tasks Behavioral metrics Examples Employee satisfaction Gained from regular Employee Satisfaction Surveys Staff turnover rates Participation levels in improvement activities Customer satisfaction Gained from regular Employee Satisfaction Surveys Retention rates Skill uptake Skill matrices Absenteeism Absenteeism Error rates Error rates Time spent on managing under-performing staff Team metrics Number of team meetings Members at team meetings Number of ideas generated Number of ideas implemented Total Savings generated

Aspects Of Adolescent Reproductive Health Health And Social Care Essay

Aspects Of Adolescent Reproductive Health Health And Social Care Essay Adolescent means â€Å"to grow to maturity† and is an important period in life span. Reproduction means â€Å"production of offspring â€Å". Health means â€Å"state of complete physical, mental, and social well being. After birth the child grows towards maturity and makes them a contributing member of the society. ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF FEMALE SEXUAL ORGANS: The principal organs are ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, and vagina. Female reproductive cycle includes both ovarian cycle and menstrual cycle. Female reproductive function begins with the development of â€Å"ova† in the ovaries. The oogonia (primitive germ cell) are dominant from fetal period and are transformed to mature oocyte at puberty. OVARIAN CYCLE OR MENSTRUAL CYCLE: A single ovum is expelled from an ovarian follicle in to the abdominal cavity in the middle (14th day) of each month (28 days) menstrual cycle this process of rupture of grafian follicle with release of the ovum is called ovulation. Thus the 12-18 days in a 28days cycle is called fertile period. This ovum is engulfed by fimbrae and is transported to a uterus by the fallopian tube. When fusion of sperm and ovum which develop in to fetus, thus menstruation stops. This process is called as fertilization. When the ovum is not fertilized then menstruation starts which is cyclical discharge of blood, mucus, unfertilized ovum, and torn endometrial from the uterus per vagina. PUBERTY: Puberty is the period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and capability of sexual reproduction is attained where boys attained manhood and girls attained womanhood. PUBERTY IN FEMALES: Girls begin there growth spurt between 9-13 yrs of age Increase in body fat Development of sexual character like pubic hair, and auxiliary hair appear. Development of breast tissue Rapid increase in height and weight begin to menstruate ASPECTS OF ADOLESCENT REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: Menstrual hygiene Te enage pregnancy Sex education and sexual behavior Sexually transmitted disease Contraceptive devices MENSTRUAL HYGIENE Menstrual hygiene refers to the hygiene during menstrual period. It includes use of clean pad changing of soaked pad proper disposal of used pad, perineal and personal hygiene with daily activities like diet, exercise, and rest. During menstruation Daily twice bathing is essential because to reduce body heat and fatigue. Washing the genital region daily with soap and water to prevent genital infection. The diet should consist of vegetables and fruits which gives nourishment and normal diet. During menstruation iron rich foods helps to maintain the hemoglobin level. Sanitary napkins can be used to observe the menstrual flow. Use sanitary napkins or use clean cotton cloth. If cloth is to be reused wash with soap dry in sunlight and preserve in with napthalin balls in plastic bags. Change the napkin three times a day and every 4-6hrs per day. Used napkins should not be reused because its very unhygienic and lead to reproductive tract infection. Used napkin should be burned immediately. When the blood stained napkin rub against the thigh the skin of the thigh gets sore and walking may become uncomfortable. So the thigh region should be kept dry.